Chapter8+9- Pathophysiology and Lifespan Development
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62 Terms
What is biology?
The study of living organisms
What is pathophysiology?
The study of how disease affects the normal function of the body
What are the three basic building blocks of the human body?
Cells, tissues, organs
What is atrophy?
A decrease in cell size, “A=Away (cells shrinks)
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in cell size, “Trophy=Huge”
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells, “Plasia=Population”
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, or organization, “Dys=Dysfunction”
What is metaplasia?
One mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type, “Meta= Morph into another cell”
Why is water important to the body?
Because all biochemical reactions occur in an aqueous (water) environment
What can disrupt homeostasis?
Too much fluid loss, too much fluid intake
What determines how much fluid imbalance a patient can tolerate?
Size, age, underlying medical conditions
What is edema?
Excess fluid in the interstitial (tissue) space
What causes edema?
Increased capillary pressure, decreased collodial osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction
How do you assess a patient with edema?
Auscultate lung sounds, check pedal edema, check sacral edema, assess JVD, obtain ECG, monitor vital signs
How is edema treated?
CPAP, supplemental oxygen, positioning, nitrates, diuretics
What is an isotonic fluid deficit?
Loss of extracellular fluid with equal loss of sodium and water
What is an isotonic fluid excess?
Increase in extracellular fluid with equal increase in sodium and water
What is a hypertonic fluid deficit?
More water is lost than sodium, cells shrink, resulting in sodium concentration increasing
What is a hypotonic fluid deficit?
More sodium is lost than water, cells swell, resulting in sodium concentration decreasing
What is the normal sodium level?
136-142
What electrolyte primarily controls extracellular fluid balance?
Sodium (Na+)
What is the normal potassium level?
3.5-5.0
What is hypokalemia?
Low serum potassium (<3.5)
What is hyperkalemia?
High serum potassium (<5.0)
What is the normal calcium level?
8.2-10.2
What is hypocalcemia?
Low serum calcium
What is hypercalcemia?
High serum calcium
What is the normal phosphate level?
2.3-4.7
What is hypophosphatemia?
Low phosphate level
What is hyperphosphatemia?
High phosphate level
What is the normal magnesium level?
1.3-2.1
What is hypomagnesemia?
Low magnesium level
What is hypermagnesemia?
High magnesium level
What are the four types of acid-base imbalances?
Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
What causes metabolic acid-base disorders?
Changes in bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels
What causes respiratory acid-base disorders?
Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels due to breathing disorders
What happens if the body’s buffer cannot correct an acid-base imbalance?
The body activates compensatory mechanisms (lungs or kidneys) to restore normal pH
What is the normal pH?
7.3-7.45
What is the normal PaCO2?
35-45 mmHg
What is the normal bicarbonate (HCO3-)?
22-26 mEq/L
What is the normal base excess (BE)?
-2 to +2
What causes respiratory acidosis?
The patient isn’t blowing off enough CO2
What happens to CO2 during respiratory acidosis?
CO2 increases (>45mmHg)
What is a common chronic cause of respiratory acidosis?
COPD
What compensates for respiratory acidosis?
The kidneys (renal buffer system)
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
The patient blows off too much CO2
What happens to CO2 during respiratory alkalosis?
Co2 decreases
How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
They retain H+ ions and excrete bicarbonate
What is metabolic acidosis?
Acidosis not caused by a respiratory problem
What are the common causes of metabolic acidosis?
Acidosis not caused by a respiratory problem
What are the common causes of metabolic acidosis?
Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, GI losses, durgs or toxins
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
Excessive loss of acid
What are common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Excessive vomiting, excessive water intake, nasogastric (NG) suction, excess alkaline intake
What is partial compensation?
The pH is still abnormal, but the body has begun compensating
What is full compensation?
The pH has retured to ormal, but CO2 or HCO3- remains abnormal
What does ROME stand for?
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
pH=7.40, CO2=50
Respiratory acidosis
pH=7.50, CO2=30
Respiratory alkalosis
pH=7.28, HCO-3=18
Metabolic acidosis
pH=7.48, HCO3-=30
Metabolic alkalosis
What organ compensates for metabolic disorders?
The lungs
What organ compensates for respiratory disorders?
The kidneys