BIOL 300 chap 16 for exam 4

Endocrine signaling

is a type of communication in which hormones are released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues.

Paracrine signaling

is a form of cell communication where signaling molecules are released by a cell and affect only nearby target cells

synaptic signaling

type of communication between neurons where 1 releases neurotransmitters into the synapse and they go to the next neuron

Contact dependent signaling

is a mechanism of cell communication that requires direct physical contact between the signaling and target cells via surface molecules.

phosphorylation

turning a protein on and off

Transcription and translation

make more proteins

Ion-channel-coupled receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and enzyme coupled receptors

types of cell-surface receptors

endogenous

originating within us

exogenous

things our body doesn’t naturally make (lots of drugs)

IP3 and DAG

phospholipase C enzyme makes____ and _____

second

IP3 and Dag are _____ messengers

calcium

IP3 causes _____ channels to open up and release from the ER

Protein kinase 3 (PKC)

DAG activates _________

Calcium

PKC bonds to ____ to phosphorylate things

calcium

_______ acts as a messenger by binding to calmodulin and effects a conformational change

rhodopsin

Vision is received by ____ receptors which are GPCRs

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

__________ activate RAS

RAS

GTP binding protein that is initially bound to GDP but gets replaced with GTP once activated

Map kinase kinase kinase

RAS activates ___________

MAP kinase kinase

Map kinase kinase kinase activates________

MAP kinase

MAP kinase kinase activates________

Kinase cascade

_________ is when the kinases keep activating each other