Cardiopulm 1 Prep Abbreviations + Reference material

BP

blood pressure, BP = CO × TPR or BP = (SV × HR) × TPR, reported as SBP/DBP

DBP

diastolic blood pressure – measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats or when the heart is filling with deoxygenated blood to move through the heart.

SBP

systolic blood pressure – measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats or when blood is released into systemic circulation from the left ventricle.

CO or Q

cardiac output, CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume, measured in mL/min or the total amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

ECG

electrocardiogram, recording of electrical signals of the heart. The ECG reading contains waves and intervals that match electrical conduction through the heart.

HR

heart rate, measured as the number of beats per minute.

SV

stroke volume, measured in mL and is the total amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle during each heartbeat.

TPR

total peripheral resistance or the level of resistance in the vascular/arterial system, measured as the amount of force exerted on the arteries in circulating blood.

FVC

forced vital capacity, maximal volume that can be expired after maximal inspiration.

FEV1

forced expiratory volume in 1 second, maximal volume expired in the first second.

FEV1/FVC

ratio of FEV1 to FVC, low values can indicate COPD.

PFT

pulmonary function test, includes measurement of lung volumes, FVC, and maximum voluntary ventilation.

RR

respiratory rate, number of breaths per minute.

TV

tidal volume, volume of air inspired by lungs with each breath.

VE

minute ventilation, amount of air inspired by the lungs in one minute.

FITTE Principle

mnemonic for elements of exercise prescription: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type, Enjoyment.

HRmax

maximum heart rate during exercise, in beats per minute

HRreserve

difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate.

MET

metabolic equivalent, standard unit for quantifying intensity of aerobic exercise relative to resting metabolic rate, equal to 3.5 mL of oxygen intake per kg body mass per minute

RPE

rating of perceived exertion, scale for measuring an individual's perceived work effort during exercise.

VO₂

volume of oxygen inspired in liters per minute.

VO₂max

maximum capacity of volume of oxygen inspired during aerobic exercise, in liters per minute.

VO₂reserve

difference between maximum oxygen uptake and resting oxygen uptake.

CAD

coronary artery disease or blockage in the coronary arteries.

CHF

congestive heart failure.

CKD

chronic kidney disease.

DVT

deep vein thrombosis.

HF

heart failure.

HTN

hypertension (high blood pressure).

Hypotension

low blood pressure.

MI

myocardial infarction (heart attack).

PAD

peripheral arterial disease.

PVD

peripheral venous disease.

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Obstructive

group of pulmonary diseases characterized by airflow obstruction attributable to chronic bronchitis or emphysema with difficulty with expiration (getting air out of the lungs).

PE

pulmonary embolism, a blood clot in the lungs.

Restrictive

group of pulmonary diseases characterized by reduced lung compliance and difficulty with lung expansion and inspiration (getting air into the lungs).

Acidemia

condition that causes an increase in hydrogen ions in the blood, resulting in a decrease in pH. It can also be defined as abnormally high blood acidity, which can be caused by an increase in acidic substances or a decrease in alkaline substances. This means that the serum pH is lower than normal, with arterial pH less than 7.35

Alkalemia

also known as alkalosis, occurs when the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases, resulting in an increase in pH. This means that the serum pH is higher than normal, with arterial pH greater than 7.45

Hypoxia

low level of oxygen in the tissues of the body, less than 90% blood oxygen saturation

Hypoxemia

low level of oxygen in the blood.

Hyperoxemia

partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) in arterial blood gas analysis is higher than 100 mmHg

Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia

high level of carbon dioxide in the blood, above the normal range of 35-45 mmHg (>45 mmHg).

Hypocarbia/Hypocapnia

low level of carbon dioxide in the blood, below the normal range of 35-45 mmHg (<35 mmHg).

Hyperventilation

rapid or deep breathing in the presence of low oxygen, causing CO₂ levels to drop.

Hypoventilation

shallow or slow breathing causing CO₂ levels to rise.

PaO₂

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

SaO₂

saturation of oxygen on hemoglobin measured from arterial blood.

SpO₂

saturation of oxygen on hemoglobin measured with a pulse oximeter.

ABG

arterial blood gases.

CBC

complete blood cell count.

HCT

hematocrit, percentage of red blood cells in plasma.

Hb

hemoglobin, the primary molecule responsible for oxygen transport in the blood.

Plt

platelets.

RBC

red blood cell.

WBC

white blood cell

Blood flow through the heart

Body → Superior & Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs (for oxygen) → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Rest of the Body

Muscles of inspiration

primarily diaphragm and external intercostals

Elastic recoil on expiration

the lung's natural, passive ability to "snap back" to its smaller, resting size after being stretched and filled with air during inhalation

Atmospheric pressure

the pressure of the air outside the body, stable at about 760 mmHg at sea level

Intrapleural pressure

the pressure within the fluid-filled, closed space between the lungs and the chest wall, always less than atmospheric pressure to keep the lungs inflated

Gas exchange

the vital process where fresh oxygen moves from the air into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide (a cellular waste product) is simultaneously removed from the blood and exhaled

Pulmonary system

the lungs, their airways, and their vascular network

Upper respiratory tract

nose, pharynx, and larynx

Conduction zone of lower respiratory tract

move air in and out of the lungs, includes the trachea, primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, and bronchioles

Respiratory zone of lower respiratory tract

where actual gas exchange occurs, includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Alveoli

the structure at which gas exchange occurs in the lung

ERV

expiratory reserve volume, maximal volume that can be expired from a resting expiration

FRC

functional residual capacity, volume of gas in lungs at resting expiratory level

IC

inspiratory capacity, maximal volume that can be inspired from resting expiratory level

IRV

inspiratory reserve volume, maximal volume that can be inspired from end-tidal inspiratory level

TLC

total lung capacity, volume of gas in lungs at end of maximal inspiration

VC

vital capacity, maximal volume that can be expired after maximal inspiration

MVV

maximal voluntary ventilation, the amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs during a given time period

RV

residual volume, the volume of air contained in the lungs after a maximal expiration

TV

tidal volume, amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Normal heart rate

60-100 beats per minute

Bradycardia

<60 beats per minute, low heart rate

Tachycardia

>100 beats per minute, high heart rate

Normal respiratory rate

12-18 breaths per minute

Bradypnea

<10 breaths per minute, low respiratory rate

Tachypnea

>20 breaths per minute, high respiratory rate

Normal blood oxygen

95-100% blood saturation

Normal blood pressure

<120/<80 (and)

Elevated blood pressure

120-129/<80 (and)

Hypertension Stage 1

130-139/80-89 (or)

Hypertension Stage 2

140+/90+ (or)

Hypertensive Crisis

180+/120+ (and/or)