pulmonary overview

n that innervates diaphragm and its levels

phrenic n, C3, 4, 5

thoracic cage expands during _____ and and depresses during ____

inhalation, exhalation

main mm of inspiration

SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm

main mm of expiration

internal intercostals, external oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, internal oblique

interncostal mm are active during ____ breathing and selectively during ____ breathing

quiet, forced

quadratus lumborm accessory role in respiration =

stabilize rib cage

erector spinae are active during ___ and ____ breathing

quiet, forced

pectorals and latissimus dorsi mm role in respiration = when arms ____ (___ chain), the mm have the ___ action and help with breathing

fixed, closed, opposite

right lung lobes

upper, middle, lower

left lung lobes

upper and lower

diaphragm contraction = diaphragm gets ____ → lungs ____ → volume inside lungs ____ → pressure in lungs is more _____

flat, expand, increase, negative

ventilation = movement of air _____

in and out of lungs

central gas exchange = movement of air ____

between alveoli

variables affecting ventilation

compliance, length tension, elasticity, pressure gradients, airway compliance

compliance = ability to ___ relative to amount of _____

increased compliance = ____ pressure to change

expand, force, increased

length tension = optimal length tension in respiratory mm to help chest wall ___ and ____ with breaths

expand, contact

elasticity = goes back to ____, needed for ____

original shape, exhalation

pressure gradients = needed to move air _____ lungs

if cannot generate large enough pressure gradient, then cant move _____

in and out of, large volume of air

quiet breathing = ____ pressure gradient

low

deep breath = ____ pressure gradient

high

airway resistance = ____ of airway

____ diameter = ____ resistance

diameter, decreased, increased

variables affecting central gas exchange

pressure gradients, surface area, membrane thickness

pressure gradients = molecules will move from area of ____ to _____

high concentration, low concentration

surface area of lungs = _____

decreased surface area = less room for ____

large, gas exchange

membrane thickness = normal = ____

• good bc want ____ to flow freely

increased membrane thickness = more difficult to ____

1 cell, o2 and co2, diffuse

obstructive health conditions

COPD (chronic broncitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectais, cystic fibrosis)

restrictive health conditions

neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, extra-pulmonary, pulmonary