Human AP Final Exam 2 CH 6

What is osteology?

The study of bone structure and function.

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, fat storage.

What are the six classes of bones?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural.

What are the two types of bone?

Compact bone and spongy bone.

Name the parts of a long bone.

Proximal epiphysis, proximal metaphysis, diaphysis, distal metaphysis, distal epiphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity.

What is diploë?

The spongy bone layer between the inner and outer layers of the skull.

What are the parts of an osteon?

Central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi.

What are the four types of bone cells?

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

What is the periosteum?

A membrane that covers the outer surface of bone.

What is the endosteum?

A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity and canals.

What are the types of cartilage?

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.

What is the difference between appositional and interstitial growth?

Appositional adds layers to the surface; interstitial grows from within.

What is intramembranous ossification?

Bone formation from a membrane, mainly in flat bones.

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone development from cartilage, used in most bones.

What is the primary ossification center?

The first area where bone replaces cartilage in a fetus.

What is the secondary ossification center?

Area in the epiphysis where bone forms after birth.

Epiphyseal plate vs. epiphyseal line?

Plate is cartilage for growth; line is the remnant in adults.

How is blood calcium regulated?

By the parathyroid gland (PTH), thyroid (calcitonin), and cells like osteoclasts.

What minerals are important for bone health?

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium.

Which vitamins support bone health?

Vitamins A, C, D, and K.

What is articular cartilage?

Smooth cartilage covering bone ends in joints.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition of weak, brittle bones.

What is acromegaly?

A hormonal disorder causing bone enlargement.

Yellow vs red bone marrow — function and location?

Red makes blood cells (in spongy bone); yellow stores fat (in medullary cavity).

Types of bone fractures?

Open, closed, greenstick, comminuted, spiral, epiphyseal, compression.

: What are the steps in fracture repair?

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, bone remodeling.