Biology Final Exam ANSWERS

Biology Final Exam Flashcards

Reproduction

Continuation of species

Organization

Specific structure and specialization of structures

Composed of cells

Unicellular or multicellular

Adaptation

Adjust to the environment

Response to stimuli

Reactions to the environment

Energy use

Used for growth and maintenance

Growth and development

Increase in size and change shape

Human Genome Project

Scientists worked to sequence all human DNA in an effort to understand more about human genes.

Transgenic organisms

Organisms that contain genes from another organism.

Clone

A genetically identical copy of an organism produced from a single cell.

Transformation

When a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and makes it a part of its own DNA.

Gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate molecules (such as fragments of DNA) by size and electric charge.

Restriction enzymes

Proteins that recognize certain DNA sequences and cut the DNA into fragments.

Genetic engineering

Process of making changes to the DNA code in living organisms.

Gene therapy

An absent or faulty gene in an organism is replaced by a normal working gene.

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.

Operator site

The presence of a repressor molecule prevents the action of enzyme during transcription.

Where does the repressor molecule bind to the operon?

RNA polymerase

Point mutation

A mutation that involves the change of a single nucleotide

Stem cell

A cell that does not yet have a 'job'

Frame shift mutation

A mutation where the 'reading' frame of the genetic message is shifted by inserting or deleting a nucleotide?

Natural selection

Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; survival of the fittest.

Natural variation

Differences among individuals of a species.

Struggle for Existence/Competition

Members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, etc.

Adaptation

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival.

Speciation

Different species of finches arose on the Galapagos islands as the populations adapted to various niches.

Analogous structures

Structures that are similar in purpose, but not inherited from a common ancestor

Homologous structures

Characteristics that a similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

Comparative Embryology

Study of development of offspring for similarities in traits

Phylogenetic tree

A diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms