Chemistry Spring Final

Avogadro's Number

6.02 x 10^23

Mole

The standard SI base unit for an amount of a substance.

Physical change

When the chemical composition is not changed.

Chemical Change

Energy is transformed from one form to another in what type of change?

Gay-Lussac's Law

The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume and moles of gas are kept constant.

P₁/T₁\=P₂/T₂

What is Gay-Lussac's equation?

Inverse relationship

The variables change in opposite directions: one increases while the other decreases, and vice versa.

Compound

Composed of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

Percent Composition

The percent by mass of each element in a compound. Can be used to help identify an unknown compound.

Stoichiometry

The study of the quantitative relationships that can be derived from chemical formulas and equations.

Excess reactant

The reactant that is not completely used up in a chemical reaction.

Ideal Gas

A gas that obeys the gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure.

Element

Pure substance that only contains one kind of atom.Ex: Copper (Cu) and Bromine (Br)

Absolute Zero

Theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance.

Boyle's Law

States that the volume of a sample of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure if the temperature and the amount of gas are kept constant

P₁V₁ \= P₂V₂

What is Boyle's Law equation?

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

At a constant temperature and volume, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.

P(total)\= P₁+P₂+P₃...

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure equation?

Gas Stoichiometry

1 mole of a gas is equal to 22.4 L

Kelvin Scale

K \= *C + 273

Empirical Formula

The formula which gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

Mole ratio

The ratio obtained from the balanced equation that indicates the proportions of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Percent yield

Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

Molar Volume

22\.4 Liters = 1.0 moles

Charles's Law

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the pressure and the amount of gas are kept constant.

V₁/T₁\=V₂/T₂

What is Charles's Law equation?

Avogadro's law

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules

V₁/n₁ \= V₂/n₂

What is Avogadro's Law equation?

Ideal Gas Law

Combines Boyle's law, Charles’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, and Avogadro’s Law to show the relationship for the four variables of pressure,volume, temperature, and number of molecules.

PV \= nRT

What is the Ideal Gas Law equation?

Combined Gas Law

combination of Boyle and Charles’s Lawsr

P₁V₁/T₁ \= P₂V₂/T₂

What is the Combined Gas Law equation?

Direct relationship

Both variables increase together or both decrease together.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Atom

The smallest units of an element that maintain the properties of that element.

Celsius

Of or denoting a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° under standard conditions.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant or reagent that controls the amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction.

Real Gas

Deviates from ideal behavior under conditions of high pressure and low temperature because it is no longer a gas.

General Chemistry

Examines the structure of matter and the reaction between matter and energy. It is the basis for the other branches of chemistry.

Astrochemistry

The study of composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules found in the stars and in the space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.

Electrochemistry

Considered to be the study of electron transfer, particularly within an electrolytic solution.

Green Chemistry

Is concerned with processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use or release of hazardous substances.

Nuclear Chemistry

Branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions and isotopes.

Physical Chemistry

Applies physics to the study of chemistry. Quantum mechanics and thermodynamics are examples.

Thermochemistry

Involves the study of thermal effects of chemical reactions and the thermal energy exchange between processes.

Agrochemistry

This branch of chemistry may also be called agricultural chemistry. It deals with the application of chemistry for agricultural production

Biochemistry

Branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions that occur inside living organisms.

Environmental Chemistry

The chemistry associated with soil, air, and water and of human impact on natural systems.

Inorganic Chemistry

Is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure and interactions between inorganic compounds, which are any compounds that aren't based in carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Organic Chemistry

Deals with the chemistry of carbon and living things.

Polymer Chemistry

Examines the structure and properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds new ways to synthesize these molecules.

Theoretical Chemistry

Applies chemistry and physics calculations to explain or make predictions about chemical phenomena.

Analytical Chemistry

Branch of chemistry involved with studying the properties of materials or developing tools to analyze materials.

Chemical Engineering

Involves the practical application of chemistry to solve problems.

Geochemistry

The study of chemical composition and chemical processes associated with the earth and other planets.

Medicinal Chemistry

Chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.

Photochemistry

Branch of chemistry concerned with interactions between light and matter. Including bioluminescence.

Spectroscopy

Examines the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength.