A&PII Exam 1; Packet 3 and 4

What is growth hormone released by? Hormonal, Humoral or Neural stimuli?

Hormonal

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood?

Gigantism

What is the disorder that effects GH and is a disorder where the epiphyseal plates do not close, individual abnormally tall, sometimes 8 feet tall. Normal body proportions.

Gigantism

Gigantism is a disease that effects what gland?

Pituitary gland

Which disorder is characterizes by the overgrowth of some bony areas still sensitive to GH after the epiphyseal plates have already closed. Enlarged hands, feet, forehead, jaw and tongue. Thickening of certain bones. Malformed facial features. Surgical reversal is not possible after anatomical changes have occurred.

Acromegaly

What is the hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood called?

Acromegaly

What gland does acromegaly effect?

Pituitary gland

What is the hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood called?

Pituitary dwarfism

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by an abnormally short individual, maximum height 4 feet. Usually normal body proportions, may be accompanied by other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Treatment is hormone replacement puberty when diagnosed before puberty?

Pituitary dwarfism

Which endocrine gland does pituitary dwarfism impact?

Pituitary gland

Is prolactin a tropic or not tropic hormone?

Not tropic

Hypersecretion of prolactin?

Prolactemia

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by amenorrhea (no menstrual cycle), galactorrhea (inappropriate milk-secretion), gynecomastia (swollen and tender breast tissue in males) and it is the most common hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones?

Prolactemia

Which endocrine gland does Prolactemia effect?

Pituitary gland

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by polyuria (increase during output), polydipsia (increased thirst) and common,y caused by a damaged hypothalamus. This disorder is life threatening when the patient is unconscious. Patients become severely dehydrated. Treatment give ADh by nasal spray.

Diabetes insipidus

Hyposecretion of ADH

Diabetes insipidity

Diabetes insipidus effect which endocrine gland?

Pituitary gland

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by retention of fluid, brain edema, headache, nausea, vomitting, disorientation due to brain edema, weight gain, and decreased blood solute concentration in blood? Often a surgical complication and sometimes seen in children with meningitis. Treatment is fluid restriction and careful monitoring of blood sodium levels. May need NaCl tablets or saline if and diuretics.

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Hypersecretion of ADH

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

What endocrine gland does syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) impact?

Pituitary gland

Hyposecretion of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) in adulthood

Myxedema

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by chronic hypothyroidism in an adult? The symptoms include low BMR, chills, constipation, thick dry skin, edema (puffy eyes), lethargy and sluggishness?

Myxedema

Myxedema effect which endocrine gland?

Thyroid

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) due to a lack of iodine causes what condition?

Endemic goiter

Which thyroid disorder: When the follicular cells cannot iodinate thyroglobulin in colloid. Cannot make adequate T3 and T4; and the thyroid becomes swollen?

Glider

Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 in infancy

Congenital hypothyroidism

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by a severe developmental delay, thick tongue and neck. Thyroid gland atrophy and the treatment is thyroid replacement therapy if diagnosed very early.

Congenital hypothyroidism

Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 is commonly called:

Graves’ disease (exophthalmic goiter)

Which endocrine disorder is an autoimmune disease where the patient produces abnormal antibodies that target/ stimulate thyroid follicular cells? Symptoms include a high BMR, sweating, rapid, irregular heart rate, nervousness, irritabiolity, weight loss and exopthalmos (edema behind eyes) the treatment is medication, ingestion of radioactive iodine to destroy the active thyroid cells or surgical intervention.

Exopthalmic goiter, Graves’ disease

What endocrine gland is impacted by Exophthalmic goiter or Graves’ disease

Thyroid gland

Hypersecretion of PTH

Hyperparathyroidism

Which endocrine disorder is charcterized by decreased bone density, bones having a moth eaten appearance, spontaneous fractures osteoclasts break down blood tissue, calcium is released into the blood stream and hyperglycemia (high blood calcium levels)?

Hyperparathyroidism

The severe form of what disease is called osteitis fibrosis cystica?

Hyperparathyroidism

Hyposecretion of PTH

Hypoparathyroidism

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels), increased excitability of neurons, tinging lung sensations, twitching muscles and convulsions, occurs mainly due to parathyroid gland trauma and if left untreated can become fatal?

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypersecretion of aldosterone

Aldosterone’s

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by increased sodium and water retention, hypertension and edema and accelerated excretion of potassium ions (hypokalemia)

Aldosteronism

Word for low blood calcium levels

Hypocalcemia

Word for increased sodium retention

Hypernatremia

Word for accelerated excretion of potassium ions.

Hypokalemia

Hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisone

Addison disease or primary adrenal insufficiency

Which endocrine disorder is characterized by decreased mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, weight loss and abnormal bronzing of the skin. The treatment is corticosteroid replacement therapy.

Which endocrine gland is impacted by aldosteronism

Adrenal gland

Which endocrine gland is impacted by Addison disease aka primary adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal gland

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Cushings syndrome

Which endocrine disorder is charcterized by hyperglycemia, significant muscle and bone loss, salt and water retention, cushingoid signs, buffalo hump, moon face, poor wound healing and easy bruising. The treatment is the remove the tumors or stop drug administration.

Cushing’s syndrome

Cushing’s syndrome impacts which endocrine system?

Adrenal gland

The hypersecretion of androgens

Adrenogenital syndrome

What endocrine disorder causes the masculinization of the body, also called virilization, males get premature puberty and secondary sex characteristics and females get premative puberty, abnormal facial har, male distribution of body hair and a clit that looks like a penis. This is not common.

adrenogenital syndrom

What makes females appear more masculine?

Virilization

Hypersecretion of EP and NE

Pheochromocytoma

Which endocrine disorder causes a beginning tumor in the chromaffin cells and produces increased response to the SNS, hyperglycemia, increased BMR, palpitation, tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, irritability and sweating And the treatment would be to remove the tumors

Pheochromocytoma

Is the adrenal medulla vital to your life?

No

What endocrine gland is impacted by Pheochromocytoma?

Adrenal gland

What endocrine gland is effected by Adrenogenital syndrome?

Adrenal gland

Hyposecretion and hypoactivity of insulin

Diabetes mellitus

What is the word for high glucose levels

Hyperglycemia

What is the word for glucose in urine

Glycosuria

Which endocrine disease is characterized bu hyperglycemia as a result of glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasic and glycouria

Diabetes mellitus

Is type 1 or type 2 diabetes the hyposecretion of insulin?

Type 1

Is type 1 or type to diabetes to the hypoactivity of insulin?

Type 2

Diabetes mellitus effects which endocrine gland?

Pancreas

Which endocrine disorder is an autoimmune disease or the result of long-standing type two diabetes and is charcterized by long-term chronic cardiovascular problems, increased risk of elevated blood cholesterol, atherosclerosis, heart attach and stroke, neuropathy, macular degeneration, chronic renal failure. Treatment is an insulin pump

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Which endocrine disorder is onset over 40, genetic predispisition, beta cells produce insulin but insulin receptors do not respond correctly, strong link to obesity and the treatment is a lifestyle change, oral medication or insulin pump?

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

Hypersecretion of insulin

Hyperinsulinism

Which endocrine disorder is charcterized by the beta cells of the pancreas producing too much insulin, hypoglycemia, mental changes, delirium, convulsions, unconsciousness, and it is fatal if untreated. it is caused by insulin overdose or beta cells tumors. The treatment is to remove tumor or give foods high in glucose

Hyerinsulinism

Blood thickness

Viscosity

What accounts for 8% of our body weight?

Blood

What is the pH of blood

7.4

What is the salt concentration of blood?

9 g/L

How many liters of blood in the body?

5-6

Temperature of blood

100.4F and 38C

Oxygen rich blood

Saturated

Oxygen poor blood

Unsaturated

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Transportation, regulation and protection

What are the two portions of blood?

Formed elements and plasma

What are the formed elements

RBCs, WBC, platelets

The plasma portion of blood containing over _______ different dissolved substances.

100

The formed elements are _______ in the plasma; not dissolved in the plasma.

Suspended

What is in the Buffy coat?

WBC, platelets

What are uncommitted cells?

Hemocytoblasts

Making blood cells is called what?

Hemopoiesis

The common stem cell from which all blood cells arise.

Hemocytoblasts

What makes red blood cells more dense?

Hemoglobin

The plasma makes up _____% of the blood.

55

The Buffy coat makes up _____% of the blood

1

The formed elements (RBCs) make up _____% of the blood.

45

Which blood cell is amitotic?

Red blood cells

What contributes most to blood viscosity?

Erythrocytes

Each red blood cell contains ______ million hemoglobin molecules

250

Which portion of the hemoglobin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains)

Globin

Which portion of the hemoglobin is a red pigment that contains and iron atom at its center, this iron atom can reversible combine with O2?

Heme

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to _____ molecules of oxygen

4

True or False: Each red blood cell has the ability to carry 1 billion molecules of oxygen

True

Where does erythropoiesis occur

Red bone marrow

After birth, where does erythropoiesis occur in the body?

Axial skeleton

Where is erythropoietin produced?

Kidneys

What hormone control erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin

Which cell do all blood cells originate from?

Hemocytoblasts

Where are worn out Red blood cells destroyed?

Spleen