exam 5

how much blood does the kidney filter in a day

200L (filtering happens ab 60x/day)

kindey maintains

acid base balance, electrolyte balane, bloood volume, water volume

what type of waste does kidney remove

metabolic

kidney location

dorsal body wall, below diaphram, behinf abdomen, retropernial

what kidney is lower than the other

right lower than left

adipose capsue

protects, secures to abdomen

renal fascia

dense fibrous connective tissue , anchors kdiney

renal capsule

covers, protects agsinst infection

perstalis

continousl smooth rhytmic contraction

renal pelvis

urine goes i as leaving kidney

major calyces

drains urine into minor calyces

minor calyces

collectts urine from papila

nephron

filters blood and forms urine, functional unti of kidey

dirusis

filtration, reabsorption, secreation, procces of urination

glomerulus

turf of fensestared cappillaries

retains blood cells and large proteins

vasucualr

specialized cap bed

bowmans capsule

surround glomerulus

outside- parital layer

inner- visceral layer, composed of podycyctes and filtration slits

PCT

composed of cuboidal epithelum w/ dense microvilli

reabsorvs water and filtrate and secretes material into it

loop of henle

thin decensing segement composed of squanamous epithelum

thich acenting composed of cubuidal epithelum w no microvili

DCT

connecting tubule

shunt/brudge like

intercalated and princaple cells

renal corpuscle region

bowmans capsule and glomesreuls

tubular reigon

PCT, loop of henel, DCT

podocytes

long extensions that terminate in pedicals filter similar to fenestrations

filtration slits

open between foor proccess and allow filtrate to move in space of capusel

innercalated cells

cubiodal cells

with microvili

maintaians acid base

principal cells

no microvilii

cibuodial cells

water and alt balance

cortical nephrons

in cortex 85%

juxatamedullary nephrons

in meddula

have loops of henle that invade meddula and have thin segments

production of concentrated urine

vasa recta

long straight efferent arterioles of juxtadmeddulary nephrons

dilate urine

high water low solute

concentrated urine

low water high solute

glomeruls cappilary beds

filtration

fed by aff art and drains by eff art

high pressure

pertibular cappillary beds

reabsorption//secrerion

low pressure

pourous

adapted for absortion

arrise form eff arts

cling to renal tubules

empty into renal venous layer

juxtaglomeral apparatus

where distal tubule connects aff art

art walls have juxtaglomeruls cellls

juxtagalpomruls cells

large smooth muscle cells and contain renin in secretory granules and sense BP in aff art

3 procces of urine formation

1. filtration

2. tubular reabrortion

3. tubular secretionm

3 nephron funtions

1. control blood chjemical concentration and volume

2. regulate blood ph

3. toxic waste removal

filtration occurs in

between glomerulus and bowman

filtration

• vascular to capsular

• water and low molecular weight solutes pass through glomerular cpas annd accumulate between 2 capsule layers

• proteins that pass through are reabsorbed and dogested by kidney cells

• no protein in urine

glmoerular filtration

• passive so no atp

• driven by hydrostatic pressue

• molecules bigger than 5 are not filtered

• maintains somotic pesuure

net filtration pressure determined by

glomerular hydrostatic pressure ( Hpg)

two opposing forcfes of NFP

• colloid osmotic pressure of glomerulus blood ( OPg)

• capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

NFP=

HPg-(OPg+HPc)

filtration rate

115 to 125 ml/mg

GFR to high

nothing reabsorbbed lost in urine

GFR to low

everything reabsorved

reabsorved in tubular reabrotion

water, urea, ions,

tubular reabsortion

• vasuclar to ras

• active transport

• sodium and glucose= cotransport

tubular secretion

• vascular to tubular

• finr tuning

• allows for; waste removal conhtrol od ph , drug and toxix waste remobal

reabsorbed in PCT

• glucose

• amino acid

• protein small

• vitamins

• lactate

• urea

• uric acid

• NA+

• k

• CA2+

• mg2+

• CL-

• HCO3

• WATER

secreted in pct

• urea

• uric acid

• creaine

• some drugs

• H+

• NH2

decending loop of henele rebasortion

water

decending loop of henel secretes

urea

acending loop of henel reabsortion

• Na-

• K+

• cl-

DCT reabsortion

• na+

• cl-

• HCo3

• water

DCT secretion

• h+

• k+

• NH4+

collecting duct reabsortopn

water and urea

sympthetic nerves (epinephrine and norepinephine

• stimulus - low ECFV

• GFR effect - lowers

• RBF effect - lowers

angiotnsisn II

• stimulus - low ECFV

• GFR effect - lowers

• RBF effect - lowers

endotheinin

• stimulus - stretch, bradykinin, angiotenisn II, epeinipheine, low ECFV

• GFR effect - lowrs

• RBF effect - lowers

prostagalins

• stimulus - low ECFV, high stress, angitenisn II

• GFR effect - no change

• RBF effect - raises

nitric ixide

• stimulus - high stress, ATP, acetylcholine, histamine, bradykinin, alsenosine

• GFR effect - raises

• RBF effect - raises

bradykinin

• stimulus - prostaglins, low ACE

• GFR effect - raises

• RBF effect - raises

nautrual pepetides

• stimulus - high ECFV

• GFR effect - raises

• RBF effect - no change

aldoesterone secreted by

adrenal cortex

aldoesterone maintains

sodium and potassium balemce

what causes aff arts to secrete renin

BV and BP are to low to trigger glomerular filtration

angiotensisn II

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldoesterone

aldoestrone cuases

sodium reabsortion into bloood at DCT and collecting ducts of nephron

raises BV and BP

ADH released by

posterior pitutary when solutes become more ocncentrated due to low water

when ADH present

more water is reabsorbed from DCT and collecting ducts

urine lowers

ADH maintains

BV and BP leveels for filtration

ANH opposes

aldoesterone and ADH

ANH released by

heart cells when atrium is streteched by hig BV or BP

ANH cauase

secretion od soduium followed by water loss

BV and BP lowers

mirturition

the act of voiding urine / peeing

micrturition process

1. bladder fills

2. walls stretch and signal NS

3. internal sphincter opens

4. external sphincter can be voluntary relaxed to pee

ureters def

tubes that carry urine from kidney to the bladder

as bladder pressure increases, d istal ends close to prevent backflow of urine inro urtetrs

urtetrs location

eneter base of bladder on posterior wall

inner walla of ureters

lining transitional epithelium

middle wall of ureter

smooth muscle muscularis

contrats in response to stretch

invouluntary

outer wall of ureters

outer adventita of fibrous connective tissue

somewhat stretchy

bladder def

smooth collapsible muscular sac temp stores urine

bladder location

lies retroperitoneally on pelvic floor posterior to pubis symphis

in males: prostate gland surrounds the neck

in females: lies anteriolly to vagina and urterus

trigone

triangular area outlined by openings for urters and urethra

inner layer of bladder

transitional epithela mucousa

middle layer of bladder

thich detrusor muscle

3 layers of smooth muscle

outer layer of bladder

fibrous adventual

superior surface only

bladder collapsing

when empy and rigae appear , expands and rises superiorly. durinf filling without rise in internal pressure

urethra defintion

musuclar tibe drains urine from bladder and carries it out

urethra lining

lining epithelium nostly psuedostraified columular epithelim

transitional epithelium near bladder

stratifed squanamous epithelium near external urtheral office

female urethtra

3-4 cm

boundto anterior vaginal wall

external urethra orfuce is anteriro ro vag opening poster to clit

shorter

male uretehra

carries urine and semen

3 region

male urethra prostatic region

2.5 cm

within prostate gland

male urethra membranous region

2cm

passes through urogenital diaphragm

male urethra spongy reigin

15 cm

passes through penis opens via external orfice

urine color

clear to pale to deep yellow due to urochrome

cloudy- uti

lighter-hydrated

darker= dyhdrated

turbidity

transparant

odor urine

slightly aromatic when fresh devbelops ammonia when standed

altered by drugs and veggies

sweet=diabetes

urine ph

alightly acididic 6y

altered by diet prolom=nged vommiting uti

urine spefic gravity

1.001-1.035

depended on solute concentration