Unit 3 AP Review Terms

acculturation

adopting some of the traits of a more dominant culture such as learning the language but maintaining their traditional religion

architecture

the style of human buildings that reflect human culture

assimilation

adopting all of the traits of a more dominant culture; most migrants fully assimilate by the 3rd generation. Some cultures assimilate faster than others. Asians are more likely to assimilate faster than other cultures

Buddhism

universalizing, east and southeast Asia, hearth is India; 4 nobles truths, Mayahanna and Thervada are the two major branches

centrifugal force

push factors; wars and natural disasters

centripetal force

pull factors; nice weather, good economies, stable governments

Christianity

universalizing, has the largest global spatial pattern and the most adherents due to colonialism, hearth is Jeruslsum, Israel, 2 billion people identify as Christian, making the world’s largest religion by adherents

colonialism

Western Europeans spreading culture, languages, and economic systems by claiming and conquering other lands outside of Europe. This is why regions of the world are called Western countries.

contagious diffusion

things that spread from person to person, e.g., viral videos, diseases

creolization

blending of languages usually refers to a colonial language that is blended with local or indigenous languages

cultural convergence

cultures merging; due to the interconnectedness of globalization the cultures of the world are all sharing traits from other cultures

cultural divergence

cultures becoming more different; this usually occurs due to isolation or cultural barriers such as religion or language

cultural hearth

where a cultural trait begins; most of the original agricultural hearths are considered the historical cultural hearths. In the contemporary world, world cities are usually the cultural hearths

cultural landscape

how humans impact the earth’s surface also called the built landscape; not just architecture but agriculture and industrial landscapes, linguistic and religious and technological

cultural relativism

analyzing a culture without judgment; trying to find the cause of behaviors

culture

shared beliefs, behaviors, and technologies of a people; material and non material; local (folk) or global (popular)

culture trait

one specific act of a people; language; shaking hands, holding doors. All of the traits of a culture make up what is called a cultural complex. The image below is a Pagoda which is a cultural trait in Buddhist regions.

religious denomination

a subcategory of a religion. Christianity has 50,000 denominations due to stimulus, global diffusion of Christianly.

diaspora

the forced removal of people from their homeland; such as the African Diaspora during the Atlanic slave trade

ethnicity

people with a shared homeland, culture and a shared history of events

ethnic enclave

a region of a country that contains a minority ethnic group who all live together; Gaza in Israel is an ethnic enclave, so they are often forced by political, economic or social factors

ethnic neighborhood

minority ethnic group surrounded by a majority ethnic groups, usually voluntary

ethnic religion

a religion with a concentrated spatial pattern usually near the hearth

ethnocentric

judging other cultures to your own; most people in the Western world judge people based on western values (Eurocentrisim)

expansion diffusion

spreading outward from a hearth; three types

gender roles

the expected behaviors of a gender; they are more traditional in local cultures where women are expected to stay home and raise children

globalization

the interconnectedness of all places and people; began with the Colobian exchange but continues to increase due to technology such as the internet

hierarchical diffusion

strait or idea moves through nodes of power; such as when people in India learned English from their British colonizers

Hinduism

ethnic religion, mostly India, Hearth is Ganges Valley, India has a very concentrated/clustered spatial pattern. 90% of Hindus live in India. A pilgrimage would be to bathe in the Ganges River in India.

imperialism

European control of Asia and Africa

indigenous community

a region of an area where the original people reside

Indo-European language family

5,000 ago diffused across Eurasia with the domestication of horses (Kurgan Hearth Theory) or Seed Agriculture (Anatolian hearth Theory) the ancestor of most the languages of Europe and South Asia. Romance languages, Russian, Hindi and Bengali

Islam

Universalizing, middle east, Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, hearth is Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Kaaba is the holiest site and the world’s most famous and most taken pilgrimage is the Hajj to Mecca. It is also the reason for the widespread diffusion of Arabic.

Judaism

ethnic religion Jeruselm,Israel Western Wall about 7 million Jews live in Israel about 2 million in Europe and about a million live in the US due to the Jewish Diaspora

language dialect

this is a regional variation of a language. Such as US Southern. This is an example of stimulus diffusion and something moves farther from the heath (England) it will change due to environmental stimuli

language family

ancestor of modern languages from 5,000 years ago; Sino-Tibetean is the language family of Mandarin Chinese

large-scale process

these are events affect a whole country or the whole world, e.g., financial crisis or Covid

lingua franca

a bridge language between two different languages; English is the world lingua franca, but different regions have their own lingua franca such as Arabic is the lingua franca of Northern Africa and the Middle East. So a Yuorba and Hausa speakers would communicate using Arabic. Or French speaker and a German speaker might communicate using English.

linguistic

language. Yes it's that simple

linguistic landscape

language on the landscape reflects the importance of language in multilingual countries

multiculturalism

the acceptance and promotion of multiple cultures; these would be in societies that celebrate the uniqueness of the cultures of the community. Canada was one of the first Western countries toe enact multiculturalism policies into law

pilgrimage

a trip to a religious Holy Site; e.g., The Hajj to Mecca, Suadia Arabia

placelessness

cultural landscape all looks alike no matter the location; very common in the US and Canada due to the widespread diffuser of chian sores and restaurants and strip malls

placemaking

deliberately shaping the environment to reflect the values of the people and make it unique from the surrounding area to give the members of the community a sense of place

postmodern architecture

this is architecture that is meant to oppose the functional form of blocky modern architecture so as to accent form over functionality

relocation diffusion

physical movement or people or goods from one place to another. Migration is a form of relocation diffusion.

sense of place

the emotional feelings about a place. People’s attachment to land because of the cultural or built landscapes by humans

sequent occupancy

multiple cultures leave their landscapes over time. As different cultures inhabit a region of 100s or 1,000s of years, each culture that lives there builds a unique cultural landscape such as the type of architecture, type of agriculture, religious monuments etc. Jerusalem, Israel has been inhabited by Jews, muslims and Christians so there are churches, Temples and Mosques

Sikhism

Universalizing, small spatial extent, Punjab, India, Golden Temple is the holiest site. It is considered a Universalizing religion because it appeals to all ethnicities; however the spatial pattern is limited because they do not recruit new members. Sikhs are also a nation that want their own state.

small-scale process

events that happen at the local level, e.g., decentralization of city governments through the development of of edge cities

stimulus diffusion

a trait evolves as it moves across time and space; e.g., Christianity has 1,000 denominations because it has diffused globally and evolved as it diffused

syncretism

blending of religions or religious practices; the image below is a blending of Roman Catholic Christianity with local religious traditions (animistic practices)

time-space convergence

the merging of cultures due to technology. Cultures share traits from all over the world.

toponym

placename; reflects the culture and history of the people. e.g., Baton Rouge reflects our French heritage.

working-age population

People 15-64 in a population. In the chart below, the working-age population in Sub-Saharan Africa is rising, so this will determine factory location.

traditional architecture

local building materials

universalizing religion

large spatial pattern, appeals to all ethnicities. Christianity, Islam and Buddhism

urbanization

the development and growth of cities