exam 1 foundation of epi

Explain health

capturing the spirit of the individual, what they do, how they interact with their community, and how they feel.

Explain disease

dysfunction with a bodily function effecting social, physical, and mental well-being.

Does the presence of disease always translates to poor health?

False sometimes it does not

What are the core principles of epidemiology

determinants, distribution, and frequency of disease in populations

What is the goal of epidemiology

Disease prevention and control

Epidemiology is what to public health?

The core discipline

Public health is involved with people with _____ and those in ____ health

disease, good

activities that are for prevention and control of diseases

Surveillance, immunization campaigns, outbreak investigations, screening

How do Epis monitor health?

identify morbidity and mortality, chart and monitor determinants of health

Epidemiology is about gathering ______ to support decisions affecting _______ health.

evidence, population

Crucial pieces of evidence included ______ information on the ______ of disease and its ______ in the population.

reliable, frequency, distribution

Epidemiology seeks to learn about health by examining _______ with and between _______ a crucial part of the practice is the comparison of patterns between ____ individuals and ____ individuals.

differences,populations, sick, healthy

Determinants are

issues that are thought to be potential causes for disease

Future interventions designed to reduce the determinant are an effect of what?

strong evidence supporting a causal link to a disease

Clinical medicine vs epidemiology

Epi is a population health science where as clinical medicine is focused on individual and specific health

What is Epidem role in clinical health science?

Defining diagnostic standards, identifying prognosis of patients, identifying treatments that work.

If samples in study are representative of the group then we can assume

generalizations about the study

What makes something historically important in epidemiology?

The person symbolizes a new approach to an existing issue, developing a new hypothesis to answer a difficult health issue, development of better approaches or methods to epidemiology.

Why is John Snow noteworthy for epidemiology?

he used the scientific method through obtaining data to support or refute these hypotheses, gathering data with good methods.

What was the first GIS application?

John Snow graphically mapped the residences where people died from cholera.

John snow was focused on the role of the street _____ in the outbreak. He determined that a ____ number of deaths occurred in close ______ to the pump. He needed to show that the pump was the cause so he convinced the authorities to ______ it and showed that cholera deaths _______ meaningfully.

pump, large, proximity, remove, dropped

Explain Population in Epidemiolgy

group of individuals with a common characteristic which may be characterized by geography, health state, demographics, or involvement in research.

In epidemiology population is not the number of people in a specific location.

true

Frequency of disease

represents the amount of cases among individuals in the population

Pattern represents

characteristics that exists within a set of individuals in the population

The presence of a pattern illustrates the ________ in traits that exist within populations.

heterogeneity

What are the components of disease origin?

genetic, social, behavioral, economic, environmental

What are the 3 characteristics that examine the distribution of a health issue?

factors related to the person affects, factors related to the place where it occurs, factors related to the time of its occurrence.

Epidemiological information is precise for identifying what will happen specifically to individuals

False it is applied at the population level.

Give an example of epidemiology not being able to tell what will happen to any one specific individual.

Being able to identify the risk of lung cancer when people smoke, but not able to say specifically which person who smokes will get lung cancer.

While epidemiological information cannot predict who specifically will get a disease it can

be used to enhance decision making for specific individuals.

Information from a large _____ of people with type 2 diabetes can help the individuals understand what their future _____ of heart disease and stroke.

study, risk

To have a comparison and diversity there needs to be

heterogeneity

In order to understand if smoking is related to lung cancer you need what?

information on lung cancer frequency in smokers and in non-smokers.

Variation helps epidemiology how?

help epidemiologists to quantitatively examine if a relationship exists between a factor in the community and a health problem

the proper interpretation of epidemiological data regards how disease can be _______ in the ________.

prevented, individual

What are the positives of a one size fits all strategy?

reach large groups, requires fewer resources, ifit works, should show health benefit in the population.

what are the negatives of a one size fits all strategy?

will not work for everyone, many do not personally see the value of the startegy

Active strategy

require an individual to do something in order to receive the benefit

Passive strategies

do not rely on human behavior

Which strategy is preferred?

Passive strategies because they remove much of the human element from the equation

What is the main goal of active strategies?

Require ongoing action from public and reinforcement from public health agencies.

What is the main goal of passive strategies?

To provide universal application by protecting all members of the community regardless if the individual’s risk values.

Passive strategies protects via a ______ application, won’t decay in _____,avoids _______ based decisions.

Universal,efficacy,individual

Active strategies may require _______ action by an individual, not _______ accepted, often less _______ to implement..

Repeated, uniformly,expensive

A big issue with population-level interventions is

Paternalistic thinking meaning that people feel like they have no choice and someone else is telling the what to do.

What was done to the response of paternalistic thinking on seatbelt mandates?

Effective communication strategies including what the net gain would be to the public.

“Precision Public Health”

argues that pubic health practice can change by using new technologies to better define sub-groups at risk

Examples of precision health

spatial mapping, genomic data

Descriptive epidemiology

Identifying the frequency and the distribution of a health events to see patterns of disease amongst different subgroups of a population.

Analytical epidemiology

investigate, systematically, the strength of the relationship between the exposure of interest and the health issue of concern.

asking if the exposure and disease is linked is a part of?

Analytical epidemiology

Development and testing of interventions

A specific activity with the intention to reduce disease or improve health outcomes in a population by testing interventions to see if they work.

Implementation and evaluation of programs

Develop the efforts to implement the tested intervention in the population. After words the program is evaluated

______ epidemiology require information to develop a possible hypothesis.Developing ______ requires information from analytical epidemiology practices to understand what factors are causal in disease. Implementing ______ in the community requires information from intervention studies to know their ______ and potential effects.

Analytical, interventions, programs, efficacy

What are the three essential characteristics that are used to describe the distribution of a health problem in a population

Person, Place, Time

Person, time, and place characteristics are important for what epidemiology activity?

descriptive

Person characteristics

age, gender, race, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, concurrent disease, diet, exercise, smoking, risk taking behavior, education, occupation, socioeconomic status.

Decisions made from descriptive epidemiology practice should be based on the use of

rates.

Health inequity

a difference of fairness

Place is not a category in descriptive epidemiology.

False it is

Place

Geographic location, climate, geology, occupation, economic development, medical practices, population density, nutritional practices

Social determinants of health

are conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, plat, worship, and age that affects their health and quality of life.

How to differentiate between person or a place factors like diet or medical practices?

If the focus is on the geographic patterns of nutrition or medicine then it is place. But if the focus is on the individual like their specific diet or what a person does with their health care usage.

how does place influence migrant studies

examine disease rates in people who migrate from one geographic area to another. Provide indication of the possible environmental role in disease causation.

Time

Calendar time, time of day, time since an event, data of onset, seasonality, temporal trends

Temporal trends are a ______ component of time factors in _______ epidemiology. Temporal a trend illustrate how disease _____ change over ____.

Major, descriptive, rate, time

Each disease has its own

descriptive epidemiology

Person, place, and time characteristics are used to

describe the distribution of a disease

What is the secondary role of descriptive epidemiology

provide evidence to develop hypothesis for investigation in analytical epidemiology.

______ epidemiology is largely centered around research projects. These projects investigate the relationship of the _______ and the _______ outcome. This research is founded on the assumption that the relationship is postulated to be a “____ and ____”

Analytical, exposure, disease, cause, effect

What is the role of analytical epidemiology

provide evidence that the cause and effect assumption is either true or false

Causal

the disease would not exist or be much lower without the exposure being present.

The epidemiological triad

Host factors

characteristics that are specific to a person and do not cause the disease but influence its severity.

Can many host factors be characterized as person factors?

yes

Agent factors

exposures necessary for the disease to occur

If the agent is not present there will be a disease

False there will be no disease.

Environmental factors

characteristics that are specific to the environment that surrounds the individual and do not cause the disease but influences its severity.

If disease patterns change, the it is often believed that there has been an _______ to the _______ in the relationship between the ____, the _____, and the _______.

interruption, homeostasis, host, agent, environment,

An interruption in the homeostasis of the epidemioloic triad could be due to

introduction to a new agent, change in the existing agent,change in the host,change in the environment