Unit 4 AP Statistics Test

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43 Terms

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Observational Study

observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses, can be generalized to a population if there's random selection

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Standard Deviation

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.

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Response Variable

the variable that is measured or observed (output)

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Explanatory Variable

Specific conditions applied to the subject (input)

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Experiment

A research method in which an investigator deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses, when the goal is to understand causality (the relationship between cause and effect)

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Experimental Unit

the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied (Humans are called subjects)

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Treatment

a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment

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Confounding

occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

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Completely Randomized Design

the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance

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double-blind experiment

neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received

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Single-blind

Subjects know which treatment they will be receiving, but experimenters do not (or vice versa)

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statistically significant

an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance

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Randomized Block Design

the random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block

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Block

a group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

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matched pairs design

in a matched pair design, subjects are paired by matching common important attributes

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Types of Experiments

Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Block Design, and Matched Pair Design

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Placebo

A treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatments

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Factor

an explanatory variable that's manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable

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Levels

the different values of a factor

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control group

A group used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments

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Placebo effect

some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment

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Control

keeping other variables constant for all experimental units

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Replication

giving each treatment to enough experimental units so that a difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance variation due to the random assignments

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population

the entire group of individuals about which we want information

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census

collects data from every individual in the population

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sample

a subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data

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sample survey

a study that collects data from a sample to learn about the population from which the sample was selected

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convenience sampling

selects individuals from the population who are easy to reach

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Bias

likely to underestimate or very likely to overestimate the value you want to know

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Voluntary Response Sampling

Allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation This may lead to bias because often in voluntary response sampling, only people who feel strongly towards the subject often reply/participate

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Random Sampling

involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample

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SRS

chosen in such a way that every group of n individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample

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Sampling without replacement

an individual from a population can be selected only once

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sampling with replacement

an individual from a population can be selected more than once

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strata

groups of individuals in a population who share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study

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stratified random sampling

selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample

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cluster

a group of individuals in the population that are located near each other

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cluster sampling

selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters in the sample

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Systematic random sampling

selects a sample from an ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first k individuals and choosing every kth individual thereafter

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under coverage

occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen as a sample

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non response

where an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate

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response bias

when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question

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wording of questions

confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias