Industrial Revolution

Flashcards about the Russian Revolution and Lenin

Russian Poverty and Privilege

Before World War I, most Russians lived in poverty while the Tsar and nobles enjoyed immense wealth and privileges.

Food Riots in Russia

Food riots spread throughout Russia due to losses in World War I.

Overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II

The Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown, and a new provisional government was set up but soon overthrown.

Bolshevik Revolution

The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised "Peace, Bread, and Land," seized power, pulled Russia out of the war, and founded the first Communist government.

Russian Civil War

A civil war from 1919-1921, which was won by the Reds (communists) against Whites (anti-communists).

Stalin's rise to power

After Lenin's death, Stalin gained power in the Soviet Union by 1925 and established a brutal regime.

Political Purges

Killed opponents or sent them to gulags in Siberia.

Collectivization

Land seized from peasant owners, turned into collective farms.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin controlled all aspects of the economy, transforming the country from agricultural to industrial power.

World War II

A war from 1939-1945 where Soviets fought off Nazi invasion. Around 20 million Russians died.

Versailles Treaty

Ended World War I and treated Germany harshly, leading to grave consequences in the 1930s.

German Reparations

Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war and made to pay a huge reparation to the Allies, almost destroying its economy.

German Military Restrictions

Germany lost its colonies and its navy and the German army was reduced to a small police force.

League of Nations

An organization created by the Treaty of Versailles; U.S. and newly-formed Soviet Union refused to join

World War I

War between Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, U.S.) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey).

Causes of World War I

Nationalism, economic rivalries, alliance system, militarism, assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand started the war.

New Weapons and Tactics

Machine guns, submarines, airplanes, trench warfare

Results of World War I

Versailles Treaty dealt harshly with Germany; Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey broken up; League of Nations formed.

Scramble for Africa

In the late 1800s, new technologies enabled Europe's imperial powers to colonize most of Africa. The Scramble for Africa was negotiated by these countries at the Berlin Conference (1884).

Great Britain's African Colonies

Held colonies from South Africa to Egypt, including control of the Suez Canal.

France's African Colonies

Held colonies throughout Western and Central Africa.

Belgium's African Colony

Held the Congo in Central Africa under the leadership of King Leopold.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Mutiny of Indian soldiers in British army; uprising was crushed by Britain, which took over control of India from the East India Company.

Opium War (1840s)

Chinese tried to end imports of opium; British used gunboats to defeat China and forced the Chinese to open "treaty ports" controlled by Westerners.

Boxer Rebellion (1899)

Chinese uprising against Western influence; finally put down by international expeditionary force; awakened Chinese nationalism.

Imperialism Revival

Revival of imperialism in 1870s. Europe's Great Powers gained colonies in Africa, Asia, the Pacific. U.S. and Japan also participated in Asia.

Imperialism impact on raw materials

Led to flow of raw materials from the colonies to the imperial powers.

Imperialism Impact on Technology and Beliefs

Brought advanced technology, medicines and Christian beliefs to the colonies.

Negative Impacts of Imperialism

Native populations were treated as inferior; Local boundaries and traditions disregarded; Local people forced to work in mines and plantations.

Japanese Industrialization

Japan became industrialized after the Meiji Restoration which intensified their need for raw materials and markets.

Russo-Japanese War

Japan emerged as an Asian power. First time a European power defeated by non-European nation.

Japan's reward For WWI participation

Japan was rewarded for its participation in World War I with several former German colonies.

Second Sino-Japanese War

Had Japan start its takeover of China.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) had closed Japan to all foreigners, foreign trade, and Western ideas.

Commodore Matthew Perry

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry used threat of naval force to "open" Japan.

Meiji Restoration

Shogunate collapsed; Imperial rule under Emperor Meiji was "restored."

Japan's Westernization

Japan became the first non-Western nation to successfully adopt Western ways.

Industrial Revolution

First began in Great Britain in the 1750s. It was based on new inventions such as James Watt's steam engine.

Shift in Production

Shifted production from making goods by hand at home to mass production in factories.

Technology during the Industrial Revolution

Applied new sources of power like steam to the manufacture of textiles, ships, railways.

Urbanization

People moved from the countryside to cities, seeking work in factories.

Social classes during the Industrial Revolution

Led to the rise of capitalists and a working class as important new groups in society.

Working Conditions in the 1800s

Workers in the 1800s labored under horrible and unsafe conditions for very low wages.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that workers should unite and in a violent revolution overthrow capitalist class.

Marx's Communist Society

Marx urged creation of a Communist society, end to private property; citizens would own the means of production in common.

Adoption of Communism

In the 20th century, several nations adopted the Communist system: Russia, China, and Cuba.

Decline of Ottoman Empire

From the 18th century to the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined.

Failure to Modernize

Ottomans did not keep up with Western technology; Muslim leaders frequently opposed change.

Disunity in the Ottoman Empire

Empire was too decentralized; Sultan relied on provincial officials to govern his empire.

Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

Parts of empire were Christian and sought independence.

Russia's territorial gains

Took some Ottoman territories and championed Slav peoples in others.

Nationalism

Belief that each nation or ethnic group should have its own state. Ethnic group can be defined by race, religion, language or common ancestry.

Unifying Forces for Nationalism

Italian unification (Garibaldi, Cavour); German unification (Otto von Bismarck).

Divisive Force for Nationalism

Ethnic divisions eventually destroyed several large multi-ethnic states: i.e. Austria-Hungary (1918), Ottoman Empire (1919), Soviet Union (1991).