Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, Gestalt Psychology, and Donald Olding Hebb and Memory.

Reciprocal Determinism

Behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences all interact and influence each other in a continuous loop.

Self-Regulation

The ability to control one's behavior through internal standards and self-evaluative reactions.

Performance Standards

Benchmarks individuals set to evaluate their own behavior.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

Inhibition (Observational Learning)

Observing a model being punished for a behavior can suppress the observer's performance of that behavior.

Disinhibition

Observing a model engaging in a behavior without negative consequences can increase the likelihood of the observer performing that behavior.

Facilitation

Observing a model's behavior can prompt the observer to perform a similar behavior more quickly.

Vicarious Extinction

Reduction of fear responses by observing a model engaging with the feared object or situation without negative consequences.

Direct Modeling

Learning through observing real-life models.

Symbolic Modeling

Learning through models presented in media, such as books or videos.

Intentionality

The active planning and commitment to actions.

Forethought

The ability to anticipate outcomes and set goals.

Self-Reactiveness

The capacity to self-regulate and manage one's actions.

Self-Reflectiveness

The ability to reflect on one's thoughts and actions.

Intelligence (Piaget)

The ability to adapt to the environment.

Schemata (Schemas)

Mental structures or frameworks for understanding the world.

Assimilation

Fitting new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Altering existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information.

Equilibration

The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create cognitive stability.

Interiorization

The gradual process of turning physical actions into mental operations.

Phi Phenomenon

The illusion of movement created when still images are shown in rapid succession.

Field (Lewin)

A dynamic system where all parts influence one another.

Life Space

The total psychological environment experienced by an individual.

Psychological Fact

Any element within the life space that affects behavior.

Insight Learning

Problem-solving that occurs suddenly and with understanding—not through trial and error.

Gestalt Principle of Transposition

The application of a learned principle to a new context.

Memory Trace Concept

Every cognitive process leaves a “trace” in the brain.

Restricted Environments

Limit sensory and learning experiences

Enriched Environments

Provide more stimulation and can improve learning and brain development

Cell Assemblies

Groups of neurons that fire together and become linked, forming the basis for perception, thought, and memory

Hebb's Rule

"Cells that fire together wire together;" explains how learning happens at the brain-cell level.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Holds information briefly (seconds to minutes)

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Stores information for hours to years.

Consolidation Theory

STM becomes LTM.

Anterograde Amnesia

Can’t form new memories (often from hippocampal damage

Retrograde Amnesia

Can’t remember past events.

Declarative Memory

Facts and events (episodic and semantic memory).

Procedural Memory

Skills and habits (like riding a bike).