OpenStax Psychology Chapter 7

concept

category or grouping of linguistic information, ideas, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

artificial concept

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

natural concept

mental groupings that are created naturally through your experiences

schema

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

event schema (cognitive script)

a set of behaviors that can feel like routine

role schema

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

cognition

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

language

communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

lexicon

the words of a given language

semantics

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

phoneme

basic sound unit of given language

morpheme

smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

functional fixedness

type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

anchoring bias

occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

confirmation bias

tendency to focus information that confirms your existing beliefs

representative bias

faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

hindsight bias

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

Crystallized intelligence

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

fluid intelligence

the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

practical intelligence

street smarts and common sense

Analytical intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

creative intelligence

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

linguistic intelligence

perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages

logical-mathematical intelligence

capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic

musical intelligence

understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may lay multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist

bodily kinesthetic intelligence

high ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks

spatial intelligence

ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space

interpersonal intelligence

ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others

intrapersonal intelligence

ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals

naturalist intelligence

high capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it