Aerobic Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

These flashcards cover key concepts related to aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation as discussed in the lecture notes.

Breathing

Physical act of gas exchange. Not a chemical process

Cellular Respiration

The biochemical process when organisms convert food to enery/ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (ATP is the energy molecule used in cells) 2 types: Aerobic and Anaerobic)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Pyruvate Oxidation (Transition Reaction)

Takes place in the mitochondrion matrix.

Krebs Cycle (Ctric Acid Cycle)

A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells, part of aerobic respiration.- takes place in the matrix

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of aerobic respiration where most ATP is produced using electrons from NADH and FADH2. Located on the cristae of the mitochondrion.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A process that occurs without oxygen.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that allows for the continuation of glycolysis by regenerating NAD+.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation that occurs in animal cells when oxygen is scarce, producing lactic acid.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation performed by yeast that converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Plants store glucose as?

starch (can be converted back to glucose when energy is needed)

Animals store glucose as?

Glycogen (can also be converted to glucose in energy-demanding situations)

Mitochondrion Structure: outer membrane

Encloses the mitochondrion.

Mitochondrion Structure: Inner membrane (Cristae)

Location of the electron transport chain.

Mitochondrion Structure: Matrix

Site for the Krebs cycle and pyruvate oxidation.

Heart Rate

Number of heartbeats per minute, (increases during exercise to supply more oxygen to the muscles)

Breathing Rate

Number of breaths per minute

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

A waste product of aerobic respiration and a result of fermentation.

Bromothymol Blue (BTB)

A pH indicator used to measure carbon dioxide levels in a solution. blue (basic), green (neutral), yellow (acidic).

Effect of Exercise on Color Change: Longer time for color change post-exercise

indicates reduced CO₂ production.

Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Breath

Increased levels of CO₂ post-exercise due to muscle activity.

Breathing Rate

Increases during exercise to supply more oxygen and remove CO₂.

Heart Rate:

Increases to deliver oxygen to muscles and remove metabolic wastes like CO₂

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The energy currency of the cell, produced during cellular respiration.

What is the primary role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

They are electron carriers that transport high-energy electrons to the Electron Transport Chain, where their energy is used to produce ATP.

Fastest Fermentation:

Maltose produced the largest bubble size, indicating the highest fermentation rate.

No Fermentation:

Lactose demonstrated no bubbles, indicating no fermentation took place.