UNIT 7: Motivation, Emotion, Stress, & Personality

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned like imprinting and rooting.

physiological needs

those relating to the basic biological necessities of life: food, drink, rest, and shelter

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state ( a drive ) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

incentive theory

people are pushed by positive and negative extrinsic motivation.

overjustification effect

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as extrinsically controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation. Intrinsic motivation can cause people to thrill-seek

Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal Arousal

inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and performance. More difficult tasks require less stress for best performance

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states that we must achieve lower level needs, such as 1. food, 2. shelter & safety before we can achieve higher level needs, such as 3.belonging, 4.esteem, and 5.self-actualization.

self-transcendence level

people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self, that is transpersonal

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

lateral hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that Lets out hunger; when stimulated, appetite increases; when destroyed, appetite is destroyed

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of hypothalamus that decreases hunger; makes hunger Vanish; when stimulated, appetite Vanishes; when destroyed, appetite is uncontrollable

ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "Im hungry" signals to the brain. (Growl-in)

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "Im not hungry" signals to the brain. (Pass)

leptin

protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions.

neophobia

dislike of unfamiliar things was adaptive for our ancestors, protecting them from potentially toxic substance

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-- excitement, pateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

affiliate

Associated, connected - boosts our chances for survival

ostracized

being excluded or shunned by others increases stress, depression, and self defeating behaviors - feelings of pain (emotional & physical) occur in the anterior cingulate cortex

Self-Efficacy Theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

James-Lange Theory

Shrek realizes that every time he sees Fiona his heart starts to race. His brain automatically determines from this physical reaction that he must be in love with her.

Cannon-Bard Theory

One of Pavlov's dogs has broken free, he is extremely angry and seeks his revenge against "the evil" Ivan.

As Ivan runs from the dog he feels his heart race and experiences the emotion of fear at the same time.

Schacter-Singer Theory

Freddy the clown has been working at the circus for years. He feels his heart racing and looks around his environment and notices that everyone else at the circus appears to be having fun and so he identifies his subjective experience as "fun".

Cannon-Bard Theory

This theory believes that the thalamus can route emotional messages to multiple parts of the brain at the same time causing us to feel the physiological and emotional feelings simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Theory

Which theory describes that an emotional experience involves a cognitive assessment of one's physiological arousal.

Schachter-Singer Theory

Which theory is often referred to as the Two-Factor Model of emotion?

James-Lange Theory

As you run from the attacking tiger your sympathetic nervous system is activated. The specific pattern of autonomic arousal you experience is THEN automatically interpreted by the brain as fear.

Schachter-Singer Theory

As you run from the attacking tiger your sympathetic nervous system is activated. Your brain evaluates your surroundings and determines from the large animal racing toward you that you are in fact afraid, and not excited

Low Road

Emotion occurs before cognition. Stimulus information goes straight from eyes to amygdala and then a fear response

High Road

Emotion occurs with appraisal. Visual informations is interpreted by the cortex before evoking a fear response

Big 5 Personality Traits

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Rosarch Inkblot Test

The most widely used projective personality test, which is based on interpretations of test takers projections of their underlying motives, conflicts, and personality onto 10 different random stimuli

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

What projective test asks the patient to tell a story about what is going on in the pictures, evaluating the conflicts, drives, and emotions of the individual?

Id

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

instinct theory (evolutionary perspective)

we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern throughout a species

Hormones

Slow moving Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

Belonging Needs

sports, gangs, Instagram, clubs, etc

healthy psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioural medicine

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond (stress reaction) to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening challenging

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

distress

negative stress

two-track stress response system

Triggers Fight or Flight(Walter Cannon): Sympathetic nervous system-releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal gland) to put the body on alert; Cerebral cortex by way of hypothalamus and pituitary release glucocorticoids from outer part of adrenal glands

cortisol

secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function

GAS (General adaptation syndrome)

Hans Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Alarm reaction

first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, involving mobilization of the body's resurces to cope with an immediate stressor

Resistance

the second phase of the GAS, in which the body mobilizes its resources to withstand the effects of the stress.

Exhaustion

A harmful third phase of the GAS, in which stress exceeds the body's ability to recover. Health declines and dendrites vital to memory shrink.

Coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Stress causes less blood flow around organs infavor of muscles which causes plaque buildup.

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

psychophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Note: This is distinct from hypochondriasis—misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Lymphocytes

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system.

B Lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods of stress appraisel

problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one stress reaction.

Explanatory Style

Those that explain things optimistically had more control (internal locus), reported less health problems.

Laughter and social support also reduced stress and heart disease.

external locus of control (perceived control)

lack of power over one's environment can lead to early death and other health problems

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases fitness and reduces depression and anxiety by releasing serotonin and endorphins. Promotes new brain cells and enhances memory.

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension to reduce headaches, anxiety, etc with relaxation and exercise programs.people could learn to control bodily functions regulated

relaxation response

A condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure using meditation. Parietal lobe loses track of self and elevated left frontal lobe activity dealing with positive emotion.

classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus or CS) when repeatedly paired with a biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus or US) might come to elicit a conditioned response (or CR) that is similar to the response to the biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned response or US).

leptin

acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain, where it inhibits appetite

approach approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose an alternative that has both attractive and unappealing aspects

avoidance avoidance conflict

a type of conflict involving a choice between two negative or undesirable options

partial approach strategy

is like sitting on a fence. The person, tests-the-waters by committing...but only until something better comes along.

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of whih we are unaware.

Id

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Ego

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the Reality Principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Superego

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Psychosexual Stages

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Electra Complex is daughter w/ parents reversal of roles

Identification

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Fixation

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved.

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Regression

Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Reaction Formation

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Projection

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.