BIO240 - EXAM 3 (UNCW)

Acetylcholine is involved in which type os synapse

chemical

astrocyte

make up the blood-brain barrier

ependymal cell

produce CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

microglia

remove debris

oligodendrocyte

form myelin sheaths in CNS

satellite cell

regulate nutrient & waste exchange

neurolemmocyte

form myelin sheaths in PNS

bipolar neurons primarily serve what function?

sensory

sensory information enters the spinal cord ____________

dorsally

which type of matter is myelinated?

white matter

which type of reflex involves interneuron communication?

polysynaptic reflex

what nerve layer directly surrounds a single axon and myelin sheath?

endoneurium

the central nervous system consists of what?

brain and spinal cord

which part of the nervous system innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

autonomic motor

the __________ of a neuron receives signals from other cells and __________ of a neuron transmits signals.

dendrite, axon

a physician tapping your knee with a mallet is testing which type of reflex?

monosynpatic reflex

which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

transmitting information

what is the most common type of neuron in the spinal cord?

multipolar neuron

which of the following axon characteristics produces that fastest transmission?

large diameter and myelinated

select the correct pairing of nervous systems processes.

sensory-afferent; motor-efferent

contraction of skeletal muscle falls under the ___________, ____________ category

visceral, sensory

motor transmission exits the spinal cord ___________

ventrally

a spinal nerve consists of:

sensory and motor tracts

which lobe is primarily responsible for hearing?

temporal lobe

which brain structure serves as a relay station for most sensory information?

thalamus

the spinal cord is narrower in which of the following regions?

thoracic

cerebrospinal fluid circulates in which of the following areas?

spinal cord

what is the hydrocephalus?

increased fluid buildup in the brain

ascending tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord carries ____________ information ___________ the brain

sensory, toward

during embryonic development, when do the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain begin to develop?

week 4

which two roots combine to form a spinal nerve?

dorsal and ventral

which structure separates the right and left halves of the brain?

longitudinal fissure

which of the following brain membrane layers is the most superficial?

dura mater

which white matter fiber runs vertically in the brain?

projection fibers

spinal nerves carry what type of information?

both sensory and motor

dura mater surrounds what organs?

-brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerves

gray matter is typically more ____________ than white matter in the brain

superficial

a lesion to which area causes words to be easily spoken but those used are incorrect?

Wernicke's

which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

nerve cell nourishment

which side of the brain typically is responsible for math and logic?

left

the posterior root ganglion carries what type of information?

sensory

which part of the brainstem signals your body to speed up your heart rate and breath more frequently when you go for a run?

medulla oblongata

which structure separates the brain anteriorly and posteriorly?

central sulcus

what type of matter is myelinated?

white matter

damage to which nerves can cause loss of balance?

vestibulocochlear nerve

which cranial nerve doesn't innervate a part of the head or neck?

vagus nerve

intercostal nerves exit the spinal cord at which vertebral level?

thoracic

the _________ sensory receptors are activated when you accidentally touch a hot stove and _________ sensory receptors are activated when you walk from a dark room to a light filled room.

nocicreptors, photoreceptors

which type of proprioceptor is activated when you are struggling to lift a very heavy dumbbell and the primary muscle activated fails and you drop the dumbbell?

golgi tendon organs

what sensory receptors in the cardiovascular system can detect increases and decreases in blood pressure?

baroreceptors

the ventral rami of c5-t1 form what nerve plexus?

brachial

which of the following contain visceroreceptors?

-circulatory system, digestive system, and urinary system

which cranial nerves exits through the superior orbital fissure?

oculomotor nerve

which vertebral regions has more pairs of spinal nerves than it does vertebrae?

cervical

spinal nerves carry what type of information?

both sensory and motor

what is the name of the nerve formed when the ventral and dorsal root come together and exit the spinal column?

spinal nerve

what motor nerve innervates the Deltoid and teres minor muscles?

axillary nerve

what is the longest nerve in the body and runs along the posterior thigh?

sciatic nerve

which cranial nerves cause eye movement?

-cranial nerve III, cranial nerve IV, cranial nerve VI

the sense of taste contains which type of structural sensory receptors?

complete receptor cells

there are ___________ sensory only cranial nerves, __________ motor only cranial nerves, and _________ cranial nerves that have sensory and motor function

3, 5, 4

which nerve innervates the majority of the posterior arm?

radial nerve

which cranial nerve innervates part of the digestive tract?

vagus nerve

what type of functional sensory receptor is activated when a doctor taps on your knee which causes your knee to extend?

proprioceptors

which part of the CNS serves to integrate and is the "command center" for autonomic function?

hypothalamus

which part of the CNS contains major autonomic nervous system reflex centers?

brainstem

the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work antagonistically

true

which division of the ANS serves "fight, flight, or fright" functions?

sympathetic

which of the following is an example of parasympathetic function of cranial nerves?

-stimulating digestive glands and increasing bronchial constriction

decrease heart rate = ___________, dilate pupils _________

parasympathetic, sympathetic

increase production and secretion of adrenaline = ______________, increase urinary output = ______________

sympathetic, parasympathetic

which axon is the longest in the parasympathetic division?

preganglionic axon

the parasympathetic division of the ANS prioritizes blood vessels to skeletal muscles and heart in times of emergency

false

the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are part of the somatic nervous system

false

the autonomic nervous system innervates:

- cardiac, smooth, glands

which of the following neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system and not the somatic nervous system?

norepinephrine

how many motor neurons are used in the autonomic nervous system?

two

which type of autonomic motor neuron sends nerve impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

ganglionic motor neuron

which division of the nervous system innervates skeletal muscle?

somatic motor

which division of the ANS serves "rest & digest" functions?

parasympathetic

increase heart rate = _____________, dilate airways = _____________

sympathetic, sympathetic

the ANS uses two motor neurons to increase neural communication and control

true

constrict airways= _______________, increase gallbladder secretion = _____________

parasympathetic, parasympathetic

which axon is the longest in the sympathetic division?

postganglionic axon

CNS (Central Nervous System)

(output) Primary Integration Center of Brian + Spinal Cord

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

(input) Anything other than CNS ~ Sensory > Somatic Sensory + Visceral Sensory / Motor divisons > Somatic Motor + Visceral Motor > Sympathetic + Parasympathetic + Enteric

Sensory division (PNS)

brings signals from peripheral tissues to CNS ~ Visceral + Somatic

Visceral Sensory division

(autonomic) brings signals from glands, internal organs, & blood vessels to CNS

Somatic Sensory division

brings signals from skeletal muscles, sensory organs, & skin

Motor division (PNS)

brings signals from CNS to peripheral tissues

Visceral Motor division

(autonomic) brings signals from CNS to glands, smooth muscle, & cardiac muscle ~ Sympathetic + Parasympathetic

Sympathetic system

activated in moments of stress, controls heart rate, digestive ftns, & urinary output

Parasympathetic system

(the Paramedics of your body) opposite of Sympathetic, active during Rest

Somatic Motor division

brings voluntary signals from CNS to skeletal muscle

Enteric System

involuntary semi-autonomous system regulating digestive ftns & receiving input from Visceral sensory division

Neuron

Single Nerve Cell

Nerve Fiber

Single Axon

Tract

CNS Bundle of Axons

Nerve

PNS Bundle of Axons

Nucleus

CNS Cluster of Soma