motor development test 1

motor development is what

• continuous

• age related

• sequential

what is motor learning

• refers to movement changes that are relatively permanent but related to experience or practice rather than age

what is motor control

• the nervous system’s control of the muscles that permits skilled and coordinated movements.

motor behavior

• We use the term motor behavior when we prefer not to distinguish between motor learning and motor development or when we want to include both.

• an observable or measurable motoric action.

physical growth

• a quantitative increase in size or magnitude.

• increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts

physical maturation

• connotes progress toward physical maturity, the state of optimal functional integration of an individual’s body systems and the ability to reproduce.

• a qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than to size alone

aging

• the process of growing older regardless of chronological age; it can also refer specifically to changes that lead to a loss of adaptability or function and eventually to death

important clarification about age

while development is related to age, it is not dependent on it bc it doesn’t happen at a uniform rate.

embodied

• the body you have

• Movement involves physical forces such as gravity and inertia. Moving depends on generating and controlling these forces, and these forces in turn depend on the body.

embedded

• Movement happens in a physical environment.

enculturated

• movement is shaped by social and cultural factors.

enabling

• motor behaviors can lead to other milestones

• makes snow ball affect

Newells model of constraints

• individual, environment, task

• movements arise from the interactions of the organism, the environment in which the movement occurs, and the task to be undertaken.

• If any of these three factors change, the resultant movement changes

constraint

• can be benificial or not to movement

• characteristic of an individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others.

individual constraints

• person’s or organism’s unique physical and mental characteristics.

• structural- related to body features (height, muscle mass)

• functional- behavioral function (attention, motivation, experience)

environmental constraints

• external, related to the world around us

• physical- characteristics of the environment (gravity, surfaces, temp)

• sociocultural constraints- environmental factors rooted in social and cultural surroundings. encourage or discourage behavior. gender roles

task constraints

• external to person

• specific requirements or goals

• not related to person but specific to activity itself

• goals or task

• rules restrict or allow movement options

• equipment

• (choke up or change bat bc too heavy, putting pillow under baby to help roll them, old man higher surface to stand)

developmental trajectory

• path or course that a person development follows over time

arrested development

• a severely negative influence or constraint could result in arrested development.

• failure to develop beyond a particular point of development.

proficiency barrier

• refers to a threshold that an individual must cross in order to move from fundamental motor skills to more complex, specialized movement skills.

• if they don’t, it will be harder to move

longitudinal study

• is one in which the same individual or group is observed performing the same tasks or behaviors on numerous occasions over a long time.

cross-sectional study

• observing individuals or groups of varying ages at one point in time.

sequential study

• In this method, researchers follow several different groups of individuals (different age cohorts) over a period of time.

cohort

• a group whose members share a common characteristic, such as age or experience.

variability

• The idea that individuals often differ from group averages, achieve milestones at different times, and can arrive at the same developmental point through different pathways.

universality

• The concept that individuals in a species undergo predictable, stereotypical patterns of change during development.

human development occurs within consistent

physical laws

developmental changes often involve optimizing principles of

motion and stability

improved movement may result in greater

force and velocity

every movement requires enough ____ to move and enough ____ to control the movement

motion, stability

newtons 1st law

• law of inertia

• an object at rest stayed at rest until acted upon

• 
  

inertia

resistance to motion, related to mass

more mass= more inertia

momentum =

mass x velocity

newtons 2nd law

force is related to mass and acceleration

force =

mass x acceleration

acceleration =

mass / force

acceleration increases when what increases what increases

force

acceleration dereases when what increases

mass

to make an object move farther or faster

• increase the force delivered ti the object

• increase the distance over which it is applied

effective movement requires finding an optimal relationship between

force and distance