APUSH Anchor's 1-4

Columbus

Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1492 to find a

Western water passage to the spice islands of Asia. He landed in the West

Indies of the Americas and “discovered” the Western Hemisphere. His

voyage started the ‘Columbian Exchange”.

John Cabot

Sponsored by Henry VII of England to explore the Eastern coast

of North America. It’s his voyage that gave England the claim to what would

become the 13 colonies.

De Las Casas

A Spanish member of the Catholic clergy, he opposed

Spain’s brutal treatment of the Native Americans through the Encomienda

System. He said Native Americans were fully human and deserved God’s

grace as much as Europeans. He also suggested the use of Africans as

slaves rather than Native Americans though he later regretted the

suggestion.

John Smith

The military leader of Jamestown

Powhatan

The leader of the Native American group that bears his name.

The father of Pocahontas. This group encountered the colony of Jamestown

and unsuccessfully revolted against the colonists in 1622.

John Rolfe

He introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown which created a

profitable crop

John Winthrop

The Puritan leader of Massachusetts

Roger Williams

He was banished from Massachusetts for dissenting from

Puritan views. He founded Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

She was a bigger threat against the Puritan leaders of

Massachusetts. She believed in Antinomianism ( the belief that you don’t

have to follow laws or moral norms.). She was exiled from Massachusetts

and also went to Rhode Island.

William Penn

Quaker leader of Pennsylvania

1492:

Columbus sets off on his voyages of discovery which marks the start

of Eastern and Western contact starting the Columbian Exchange.

1607:

The founding of the first successful English colony in North America at

Jamestown, Virginia. Started by the Virginia company to find gold, the colony

struggled with starvation, Native American encounters, and un-healthy

climate. It survived because of the success of tobacco cultivation.

Columbian Exchange:

The exchange of flora and fauna including crops,

animals, and diseases between the “Old” world and the “New”.

Encomienda System:

The Spanish method of exploiting the Native

Americans for labor in the Western Hemisphere. The Spanish brutality

earned them an inglorious nickname: “The Black Legend”

God, Gold, Glory:

The main motivations for the Spanish and European goals

for exploration.

Pueblo Revolt:

The successful revolt of the indigenous groups of Santa Fe

against the brutal actions and attempts to Christianize them by the Spanish.

The Chesapeake:

The site of the first successful English colonies, including

Jamestown, Virginia and Maryland. Tobacco became the main cash crop of

these colonies grown largely through Slave labor.

The New England Colonies:

Settled by the Pilgrims and Puritans. These

colonies include Massachusetts and Rhode Island. They are characterized by

religious intolerance and family farms devoted to subsistence farming. Their

economies largely revolved around the sea, including, fishing, ship building,

and trade.

The Middle Colonies:

Including the colonies of New York and Pennsylvania,

these colonies are the most diverse and tolerant of the English colonies.

They grow cereal crops for the market and are often called the “Bread

Basket” of the colonies. The Dutch and Quaker roots of these colonies make

them more tolerant towards their policies towards Native Americans

The Southern Colonies:

including the Carolinas and Georgia. These

colonies relied on Rice as a cash crop and heavily relied on African slave

labor

The West Indies

including Barbados. These island colonies relied on sugar

as a cash crop and relied heavily on African slave labor.

House of Burgesses:

The first elected representative body in the English

colonies. This was in Jamestown, Virginia. (a “pre-house of representatives”)

Indentured Servants:

These are people from Europe who were too poor to

afford their own passage to the Americas so in exchange for transportation

to the colonies, they agreed to work for their sponsors for approximately 7

years.

The Mayflower Compact:

The first governmental document in the English

colonies. This was signed by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower in 1620. ( a “pre-

constitution”)

Mercantilism:

A heavily regulated economic theory of the 17th

century that had a goal of keeping the gold in the mother country. This was accomplished

through colony ownership and a favorable balance of trade.

Bacon’s Rebellion:

The first colonial rebellion in the English colonies. Led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor, William Berkeley, the rebels were fighting for land rights and the desire to further push Native Americans off their land. Most of the rebels were poor Caucasians, indentured servants, and African- Americans. After causing a lot of loss of property (the rebels burned down Jamestown), Bacon died, many of his followers were hanged and Berkeley was removed from colonial leadership. The end result was that indentured servitude diminished (replaced much more by African slavery) and laws against African slaves became much more restrictive.

King Philip’s War:

Also known as Metacom’s War, this was a major uprising of Native Americans in New England. The Wampanoag chief, Metacom (King Phillip) led this revolt against the English settlers in protest of the encroachment upon their land. This was the most destructive of the colonial wars and King Philip’s War is considered the bloodiest war per capita in U.S. history. It left several hundred colonists dead and dozens of English settlements destroyed or heavily damaged. After Metacom’s death, this 14 month long uprising decimated the Narragansett, Wampanoag and many smaller tribes and mostly ended Indian resistance in southern New England, paving the way for additional English settlements.

The Middle Passage:

The segment of the triangular trade (Trans Atlantic

trade) where Africans were transported as slaves to the West Indies and

other areas in the colonies where slaves were heavily used. Approximately

12.5 million Africans were transported as slaves to the Americas. About 2

million died along the way.

Thomas Paine:

He wrote “Common Sense” in 1776 to convince Americans

to break free from America. This really appealed to average colonists who

were not as invested in fighting the British previously. He argued against

monarchies and hereditary privileges and in favor of representative

governments.

George Washington

He led the Continental Army during the American

Revolution, he was president of the Constitutional Convention, and became

our first president of the United States. It is often said of him that he was

“First in war, First in peace, and First in the hearts of his countrymen.

Alexander Hamilton

He was the primary writer of the ‘Federalist Papers”

that attempted to convince people to vote for ratification of the Constitution.

He was the first Secretary of Treasury under Washington’s presidency. His

fiscal plan was to create a National Bank and to pay off state debts so the

credit of the nation would improve. He was a leader of the Federalist Party

that relied on the “necessary and proper clause/ elastic clause” to strengthen

the powers of the Federal government over the States. He was killed by

Aaron Burr in a dual

John Adams:

He was a leader of the founding fathers who was instrumental

in forming the Declaration of Independence. He was Washington’s Vice

President and 2nd president of the USA. He struggled with controversies

during his one term in office such as the “XYZ Affair, the Alien and Sedition

Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

Thomas Jefferson:

He was the primary writer of the Declaration of

Independence. He was the first Secretary of State under Washington, and he

became the 3rd president of the USA. As Secretary of State, he was leader of

the Democratic Republican party and was a “Strict Constructionist” who

believed the Federal Government should only do things that were specifically

enumerated in the Constitution. He did not support the idea of implied

powers through the “necessary and proper” clause. He did not support the

creation of a National Bank. As president he switched to support of the

“necessary and proper” clause when he purchased the Louisiana Territory

from France.

Benjamin Franklin

One of the most influential of the Founding Fathers,

Franklin was a lead proponent for independence during the lead up to the

Revolutionary War. He proposed the “Albany Plan” which called for colonial

unity during the French and Indian War (he drew the “Join or die” snake

cartoon), he spearheaded the repeal of the stamp act, He published “Poor

Richard’s Almananc, As the ambassador to France he was instrumental in

gaining French support during the Revolutionary War. He is the only founding

father to have signed the Declaration, the Treaty of Paris (1783), and the

Constitution. He was also the most prominent figure in the American

Enlightenment, having invented the lightening rod, bifocals, and charted and

named the “Gulf Stream”.

1763, Peace of Paris:

This ended the French and Indian War in Britain’s

favor.

1763: Proclamation Line:

This prevented the colonists from moving west

across the Appalachian Mountains. This started tensions between the

colonists and the British government.

1776: The Declaration of Independence:

Written by Thomas Jefferson

and based on John Locke’s ideas, this listed the reasons why the colonists

were declaring their independence from the British. It focused on the ideas

of Natural Rights such as “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

1783: The Peace of Paris:

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War.

Britain recognized America as an independent nation. The boundaries were

from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean

1787: The Constitutional Convention:

After Shay’s Rebellion, it was determined that the Articles of Confederation created a government that was too weak to deal with its problems. So a new Constitution was written in

Philadelphia.

Stamp Act:

A direct tax on paper. The colonists were upset

because they had no representation in Parliament to have a voice

in the implementation of taxes (No Taxation without

Representation.). They protested with boycotts and tarring and

feathering of tax agents. The tax was eventually repealed.

Sons of Liberty

an organized group that lead protests and

boycotts of British goods. They opposed any action by the British

government that they saw as an infringement on their liberty.

They often used the “Liberty Tree” as their symbol. Some

prominent members were Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

The Boston Massacre:

This arose from building tensions

between colonists and British troops who were stationed in the

city. 5 colonists were killed including Crispus Attucks, a man of

African and Native American descent.

Intolerable Acts:

These were acts passed against Boston in

retaliation for the Boston Tea Party. Boston Harbor was closed.

Lexington and Concord:

The first shots of the Revolutionary

War. (The shot hear round the world)

The Declaration of Independence:

Based on the ideas of John Locke about the Natural Rights of “Life, Liberty, pursuit of

happiness….this document listed the reasons the colonists

declared independence.

The Battle of Saratoga:

The battle that marked the turning point of the Revolutionary war. After which, the French decided to support the Americans

Loyalists:

Colonists who stayed loyal to the British and were

against the movement for independence

Patriots:

Colonists who supported the war for independence

Republican Motherhood:

The idea that mothers should be

educated to teach their children to be patriotic.

The Articles of Confederation:

Our first constitution that was too weak and needed to be revised.

Shay’s Rebellion:

This rebellion showed that the government

created by the Articles of Confederation was too weak and unable

to deal with the nation’s problems.

The Great Compromise

This compromise dealt with the problem of how states should be represented in Congress at the Constitutional Convention. It was a combination of the Virginia and Jersey Plans and resulted in a bicameral legislature that had a House determined by the population of the state and a Senate with an equal amount of senators (2 per state)

Federalism:

The system of having 2 governments at the same time: A National government (Federal) and a State government.

Separation of Powers:

A system developed by Montesquieuthat called for separate branches of government ( Legislative, Executive, Judicial) that kept each other in check through asystem of Checks and Balances.

3/5th Clause:

A compromise to designate slaves as 3/5ths of a person for the purposes of counting representatives in congress.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists:

Federalists were those who

supported ratification of the constitution. Led by Alexander Hamilton who was one of the primary writers of the Federalist Papers. Anti-Federalists were those who thought the Constitution gave too much power to the government and were only satisfied when a Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments, these protect the

peoples Civil Liberties

Federalists vs. Republicans:

These were the first two political parties that emerged during Washington’s Presidency. Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists who wanted a strong national government supported by a banking/manufacturing elite. They believed in implied powers given to the government by the necessary and proper clause including the creation of a National Bank. The Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson preferred strong state governments and were strict constructionists who believed the government should stick to enumerated powers. They were opposed to the creation of a National bank for fear it would only favor the weak.

The Whiskey Rebellion

This rebellion proved that the new government created with the Constitution was strong enough to deal with internal challenges. Washington himself led the military as he rode to put down the rebellion.

Alien and Sedition Acts:

These controversial acts were enactedduring John Adams presidency and attempted to silence those who were speaking out against government policies. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions attempted to nullify the acts.

Thomas Jefferson:

The third president of the United States, elected in 1800. From the Democratic-Republican Party. He changed his strict constructionist view of the Constitution in order to double the size of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase.

James Madison:

The fourth president of the United States, from the Democratic-Republican Party,. He was most known for getting America involved in the War of 1812 against the British.

James Monroe:

The fifth president of the United States and a Democratic- Republican. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine which told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

Henry Clay

leader of the Whigs, he was an architect of the American System that emphasized internal improvements, a protective tariff, and the 2nd National Bank. He was known as the Great Compromiser and played a role in the Missouri Compromise, the compromise that ended the Nullification Crises, and the Compromise of 1850.

Andrew Jackson

The 7th He vetoed the 2nd president of the United States, he was elected in 1828 and represented the Democratic Party. His time period was known as “The Age of Jackson”. He was known as a president of the “common man”. National Bank, ignored the court case, “Worcester v. Georgia” and instigated the “Trail of Tears”. His vice president, John C. Calhoun, stepped down due to the “Tariff of Abominations” and caused the Nullification Crisis.

John C. Calhoun

An ardent supporter of southern state’s rights, he was once Vice-President for Andrew Jackson but resigned over the “Tariff of Abominations”. He opposed any limitations on slavery.

John Marshall

The fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice of the United States, Marshall expanded the powers of the Federal Government and cemented the separation of powers with cases like Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Eli Whitney

He is credited with the concept of Interchangeable parts and

the invention of the Cotton Gin

Henry David Thoreau

A leading writer of the Transcendentalist movement (part of the American Romantic movement. He is best known for writing “Walden” which glorified naturalist living.

William Lloyd Garrison

A leading abolitionist, he published the anti- slavery newspaper, “The Liberator”. He advocated for the immediate liberation of slaves.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She was a leading advocate for women’s rights. She was a founder of the Senecan Falls Convention of 1848 and was the primary writer of the Declaration of Sentiments” where she called for women’s rights, especially the right to vote.

Frederick Douglass:

An escaped slave who taught himself how to read and write. He became a leading abolitionist and wrote an auto biography entitled “ The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, and American slave.”

Louisiana Purchase:

Bought by Jefferson from France for approximately 15 million. This nearly doubled the size of America and made Jefferson change his strict constructionist view of the Constitution.

Marbury v Madison

John Marshall’s decision that established the policy of “judicial review” that gives the Supreme Court the right to declare laws written by congress to be unconstitutional.

The War of 1812

Often called the second American Revolutionary War. We fought Britain to end impressment and to try and gain land from Canada. Although America is credited as the “winner” of this war, we really achieved no territorial gains nor the promise from Britain that impressment would end. This initiated an “Era of Good Feelings” as American nationalism grew.

The Erie Canal:

The brain child of New York governor Dewitt Clinton, the canal connects Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This connected New York City to the western states and played a big role in the market revolution by dropping the cost of goods and making NYC an economic powerhouse.

The American System:

An economic program devised by henry Clay to bolster the economic system of America. It was a three part plan to build the nations infrastructure like canals and roads, increase protective tariffs, and support the second Bank of the United States.

The Second Great Awakening:

This was a protestant religious revival movement that was based on self reflection, individualism and free will. This differed from the First Great Awakening which was led by the Calvinist Tradition based on Predestination. This Second movement was more inspired by Methodism which stressed man’s free will to come to God. This movement inspired many reform movements like Abolitionism.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women’s rights convention held in

1848.

The Market Revolution:

The process by which America became a market-based economy. The factory driven East became connected to the Agricultural and rural West.

Monroe Doctrine:

The proclamation by President Monroe that Europe needs to stay out ot the Western Hemisphere.

The Missouri Compromise:

An attempt in 1820 to keep slave states and free states balanced. Missouri came in slave while Maine came in free. The 36-30 line was created to divide the rest of the land of the Louisiana Territory that land north would be free and land south would be slave.

The Cotton Gin:

Invented by Eli Whitney, it sped up the process of removing seeds from the cotton fiber making it quicker to process cotton making it far more profitable. It increased the use of slavery in the South and tied that South to the Northern textile factories.

Cult of Domesticity:

The idea that a woman’s place was at the home and it was seen as a place of pride for middle class women that came out of the idea of Republican motherhood.

Tariff of Abominations:

The term given by southern politicians like John C. Calhoun who believed the tariff of 1828 hurt the southern economy.

The Nullification Crisis:

The crisis that emerged over the tariff of abominations. John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President over this issue and said that states should be able to nullify Federal laws. President Jackson threatened war over the issue but a compromise tariff devised by Henry Clay eventually ended the crisis.

Worcester v. Georgia:

A Supreme court case decision by John Marshall that said it was unconstitutional for the federal government to remove Indians from their land.

Trail of Tears:

Andrew Jackson forced the Cherokee Indians to march over 800 miles off their native land in Georgia to reservation land in present day Oklahoma. Thousands died along the way due to starvation.

Spoils System:

The system started by Andrew Jackson to hire your loyal party members to important positions in the government.

Temperance Movement:

The movement to end the sale and consumption of alcohol because it was believed to be responsible for many social problems. Middle class women were often the leaders of these movements.

Abolition Movement

End slavery in america

American Romanticism:

An art movement that focused on individualism, self reflection, and nature.

Transcendentalism

A literary branch of Romanticism that focused on nature and human perfectionism. Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

The Panic of 1819:

The first widespread financial crisis which resulted from the world economy trying to right itself after the wars of the French Revolution. Many blamed the Second Bank of the US.