blood exam

Blood pressure

the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels

average blood pressure in an adult

120/80

systolic pressure

maximum pressure in the arteries exerted during ventricular contraction

diastolic pressure

minimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax and fill

pulse

the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the pressure waves

Vasoconstriction

-narrowing of blood vessels

-when they constict, the flow of blood is slowed

-blood pressure increases

Vasodilation

-widening of blood vessels following relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall

-reduces blood pressure

Vital signs

arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

Neural factors

Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

renal factors

Regulation by altering blood volume

Renin - hormonal control

temperature

hot- vasodilation effect

cold- vasoconstriction effect

chemicals

Various substances can cause increases or decreases

variations in blood pressure

-Normal (140-110 systolic & 80-75 diastolic)

-Hypotension (low systolic)

-Hypertension (high systolic)

Blood

-lifestream of the body

-accumulation of many different elements

-connective tissue consisting of suspended cells in plasma

What is one function of blood related to oxygen?

Supply oxygen to tissues

What is one function of blood related to nutrients?

Supply nutrients

What waste product does blood help remove?

Carbon dioxide (CO2), urea, and lactic acids

what immunological effects does blood have

transport white blood cells and detention of foreign material in antibodies

What messenger function does blood perform?

Transport hormones and signals

How does blood help regulate body temperature?

Regulation of body temperature

What process does blood facilitate to prevent bleeding?

Coagulation

What does blood help regulate in terms of acidity?

Regulation of body pH

what is plasma

-clear, straw colored fluid

-contains many materials but mostly made up of water

what is in plasma

dissolved gasses, vitamins, minerals, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, plasma proteins

cellular components of blood

leukocytes, thrombocytes, and erythrocytes

What is the shape of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Biconcave disk

Do red blood cells (RBCs) have a nucleus?

No

What pigment do red blood cells (RBCs) contain that is iron-based that binds to oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What is the average life span of a red blood cell (RBC)?

About 120 days

How many red blood cells (RBCs) are there per milliliter of blood?

About 5 billion

Are red blood cells (RBCs) the most numerous type of cell in blood?

Yes

Do white blood cells have a definite shape?

No, they do not have a definite shape.

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

Yes, they have a nucleus.

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

To protect the body against infections.

What is the typical lifespan of white blood cells?

It varies from 3 days to a few months.

How many white blood cells are there per milliliter of blood?

Approximately 7000.

What happens to the number of white blood cells during infections?

The number increases.

Are white blood cells larger or smaller than red blood cells?

Larger than red blood cells.

What are the largest type of white blood cells?

Monocytes

Which type of white blood cells are the most numerous?

Neutrophils

What type of white blood cells are produced by the lymph tissue?

Lymphocytes

Which type of white blood cells release histamine and heparin?

Basophils

Macrophage function

phagocytize cellular debris and pathogens

What happens when a cell undergoes apoptosis

white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris

What are platelets?

Red blood cell fragments

What is the shape of platelets?

Irregularly shaped

Do platelets have a nucleus?

No, they have no nucleus

How many platelets are there per one milliliter of blood?

150,000

What is the lifespan of platelets?

About 7-11 days

What characteristic do platelets have on their surface?

They have a sticky surface

What is the primary function of platelets?

Responsible for blood coagulation

What happens first in the blood clotting process?

Platelets clump.

What do platelets release during blood clotting?

Thromboblastin.

What does thromboblastin produce?

Thrombin.

What is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

What does fibrin do in the blood clotting process?

Fibrin causes a clot.

what does fibrin do

strengthens a blood clot formed by platelets

What do RBC membranes contain that can trigger an immune response?

Antigens

What do blood plasma contain that binds to non-self antigens?

Antibodies

Why is it important to prevent mixing of red cells with antigens and plasma with corresponding antibodies?

To avoid an immune response

What is the relative size of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Very small