Adv. Biology - Chapter 16

common ancestor

Primates share several behavioral and biological characteristics, which indicates that they evolved from a _____________

primates

Humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs belong to a group of mammals called _________.

dexterity; eyesight; brains and behaviors

Primates share traits such as high levels of manual ________, keen _______, complex ______ and _______.

five

Primates typically have _____ digits on each hand/foot.

opposable first digit

An ______________, one that can brought across the palm or foot to touch other digits, is a unique primate feature.

vision; smell

Primates rely more on _____ and less on ______ than many other mammals

binocular vision

Primates have ____________, eyes with overlapping fields of vision.

1. Greater depth perception 

2. Can judge relative distance and movement

2 benefits of binocular vision:

diurnal

Most primates are ______, or active during the day

Diurnal

________ primates have color vision and a reduced sense of smell

nocturnal

Some primates are ________, or active at night

Nocturnal

__________ primates have black and white vision and an increased sense of smell

unspecialized

Most primates have ____________ teeth, suitable for a diverse diet.

flexible; limber

Primates have ______ bodies and _______ shoulders and hips

all four; limited

All primates except humans walk on ____ limbs, but many can walk on two legs for ____ distances. 

hind

Primates rely primarily on ____ limbs for locomotion.

large; vision

Primates have ______ brains for their body size, and less brain area devoted to smell, more to ______

problem-solving abilities and complex social behavior

Because of primates’ complex brain and behaviors they have _______________

• Have fewer offspring (usually one at a time)

• Have long pregnancies

• Have newborns with a longer period of maternal dependency 

Compared to other mammals reproductive rate, primates:

low reproductive rates and habitat loss

why are primates species endangered?

200

Primates are a large, diverse group of over ____ species.

arboreal

Most are _______, or tree-dwelling

Strepsirrhines

________: more primitive, “wet-nosed” primates  

Haplorhines

_________: “dry-nosed” primates, include the anthropoids

anthropoids

________ are  large-brained, diurnal monkeys and hominoids.

Lemurs and Lorises

Name 2 strepsirrhines:

1. Identifiable by their large eyes and ears

2. Only primates that rely predominantly on smell for hunting/ social interaction

3. Primarily found in Madagascar, some in SE Asia and Africa

3 facts about strepsirrhines:

tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

Name 3 Haplorhines:

1. found only in Borneo and the Philippines

2. small, nocturnal, arboreal

2 facts about Tarsiers:

New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes

The anthropoids (monkeys and apes) are split into the ___________, __________, and ______________

prehensile tails

___________ – a strong, fifth limb-like structure used for grasping and balance.

1. found in the tropical forests of Mexico, Central America, and South America.

2. Diurnal, arboreal, live together in social bands

3. Distinguished by their prehensile tails

3 facts about New World Monkeys:

• live throughout Asia and Africa – forests, mountains, grasslands

• Diurnal and live in social groups

• None have prehensile tails, and some have no tails.

3 facts about Old World Monkeys:

hominids

apes are _______

• have longer arms than legs, barrel-shaped chests, no tails, and flexible wrists.

• Highly social and have complex vocalizations

• Classified into two subcategories: the lesser apes and the great apes

3 facts about Apes:

Lesser

______ apes: Arboreal, move through the trees using a hand-over-hand swinging motion called brachiation.

brachiation

__________ hand-over-hand swinging motion

Great

______ apes: Largest primates, include gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans

hominins

________ – humanlike primates more closely related to modern humans than to the rest of the great apes.

hominids

Humans are in a separate subcategory of _________

ground-dwelling; branches of forest shrubbery.

Primates may have evolved from _____________ animals that searched for food in the ______________

Rise of flowering plants

______________ could have provided a new niche for primates to exploit.

85

Genetic data suggests the first primates lived ~______mya

60 ; Eocene

The earliest primate fossils appear in the fossil record ~______mya, at the beginning of the _______ epoch.

Early primates

____________ were small, lemur-like, nocturnal animals that ate fruits and insects.

50

____ mya, lemur-like primates were widespread and existed on all continents except Australia and Antarctica.

anthropoids; 30-35

50 mya, ________ began to diverge, and were widespread by ______ mya.

strepsirrhines

By the end of the Eocene epoch, many early ___________ became extinct.

geological/climatological factors; diversion of anthropoids

Extinction  of strepsirrhines could have been driven by ________________, or by ___________________

Larger anthropoids with bigger brains; overlap

__________________ could have out competed strepsirrhines. This is supported by modern observations where strepsirrhines and anthropoid habitats _______.

35; 25

New World Monkeys may have diverged from Old World Monkeys between ____ and _____ mya in Africa

South America

New World Monkeys may have gotten to _________ by rafting or by island hopping when sea levels were lower.

slowly

The Old World Monkey in a stable environment in Africa evolved more ______

Aegyptopithecus

______________ was found in the Fayum Basin of Egypt lived around 36 to 31 mya

Ancestral apes and a part of anthropoids line that split from Old World Monkeys

The aegyptopithecus may have been….