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ad hoc immunizing hypothesis
escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification
individual differences
variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behaviour
naïve realism
belief that we see the world precisely as it is
Psychology
the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour
behaviourism
school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general lows of learning by looking at observable behaviour
natural selection
principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms
replicability
when a study’s findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
evolutionary psychology
discipline that applies Darwin’s theory or natural selection to human and animal behaviour
cognitive psychology
school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour
falsifiable
capable of being disproved
applied research
research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
metaphysical claim
assertion about the world that is not testable
terror management theory
theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews
Hypothesis
testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
scientific theory
explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort, evidence that contradicts them
risky prediction
forecast that stands a good chance of being wrong
scientific skepticism
approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
functionalism
school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes od psychological characteristics
introspection
method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
levels of analysis
rungs on ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences
correlation-causation fallacy
error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other
multiply determined
Caused by many factors
belief perseverance
tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
pseudoscience
set of claims that seems scientific but isnt
patternicity
tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli
critical thinking
set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
variable
anything that can vary
structuralism
school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience
cognitive neuroscience
relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking
psychoanalysis
school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware
basic research
Research examining how the mind works
Gestalt Psychology
the study of how elements experience are organized into wholes
socrates
suggested an unexamined life is not worth living --- “Know thyself”
plato & aristotle
debated the nature of human knowledge, and the relationship between body, mind and soul
descartes
began critical examination of the mind-body distinction
empiricists (locke & hume)
insisted that all of our knowledge is linked to experience and comes from our senses
brenda milner
first woman in canada to earn her PhD in physiological psychology in 1952
hysteria
label used to describe unmanageable fear or emotional excesses
transference
(a)emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
sociocultural perspective
examines cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behaviour
Evolutionary perspective
assumes behaviours that help organisms adapt will be passed on to successive generations
based on the ideas of charles darwin
Biological perspective
Focus on the functioning of the genes, nervous system, and endocrine system
cognitive perspective
Focuses on perception, memory, and thinking
Behaviour is more than stimulus and response
humanistic
developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
emphasized each person’s unique experiences
behaviourist perspective
Founded by John Watson
focused on measuring only what is observable