EEMB 116 LAB PRACTICAL #1

dorsal

upper side/back of an organism

ventral

lower side/belly of an organism

what phylum has segmentation and an exoskeleton with jointed appendages?

Phylum Arthropoda

what phylum lacks segmentation and no exoskeleton and no jointed appendages?

phylum Annelida

what groups are under phylum annelida?

Phylum Annelida

• C. Polychaeta “bristle worms“

  • F. Nereididae

    • Neanthes sp. “rag worm”

  • F. Sabellariidae

    • Phragmatopoma californica “sand castle worms”

• C. Clitellata “leeches and earthworms”

  SC. Oligochaeta

  • F. Lumbriculidae

    • Lumbricus terrestris

  SC. Hirudinomorpha “leeches”

homonomous

body plan with uniformed segments

heteronomous

body plans with different segments w/ specialized functions

dioecious

separate sexes

hermaphroditic

both sex organs on the same individual

direct development

immatures look like adults

indirect development

immatures go through metamorphosis to become adults

coelom

fluid filled body cavity

hydrostatic skeleton

using the pressure from water to apply force or change shape

cuticle

outermost layer of the annelid body

epidermis

bottom layer containing gland cells

metameres

linear series of segments separated by septa

septa

the dividing walls of metameres

prostomium

first body part (before mouth) with sensory structures

peristomium

surrounds the mouth— bears the tentacles or palms

pygidium

bootyhole

parapodia

paddle-like appendages for movement or respiration

chaetae

annelid bristles

acicula

chitinous chaetae inside parapodia to support them

ocelli

simple eyes

opperculum

a structure that covers or closes an openings

sorting grooves

groove that sorts food into the mouth, found on some polychaete

caudum

“tail” of segmented worms

pharynx

anterior(front) part of digestive tract, usually eversible in annelids

trochophore

larval stage of indirect-developing annelids

clitellum

a thickened section of the body of Clitellates which creates sacs for eggs to be stored

radiole

heavily ciliated feather-like structures on head used for feeding and respiration

like a filter fan

cirri

tentacle-like structures for feeding and/or respiration

elytra/elytron

dorsal scale like structures that are modified dorsal cirri

class polycheata

• mostly marine

• segmented

• separate sexes with external fertilization (release eggs) and indirect development with a trochophore larva

• have a pharynx

• dorsal blood vessel caries the blood to the butt and the ventral vessel carries blood to the head

class clitellata

• no parapodia

• reduced or absent chaetae

• hermaphroditic with internal fertilization and direct development

• clitellum present

family Lumbriculidae

under class Clitellata, phylum annelida

• freshwater and terrestrial environments

• segmented

• burrowers but some are tube dwellers or parasites

• chaetae used for burrowing

• locomotion depends on peristalsis and the chaetal manipulation to make up for the lack of parapodia

• well developed musculature

Subclass Hirudinomorpha

• mostly freshwater

• reduced coelom

• reduced septa (heteronomous)

• some are blood suckers or carnivorous

• thick body wall

• oral and anterior sucker

• fixed # of segments (33)

• dorsoventrally flattened

what is the name of the dark lines?

which class of annelids would possess this structure?

acicula in parapodia of Neanthes

sp. Neanthes, F. Nereididae, C. Polychaeta, P. Annelida

what is this?

• sp. Phragmatopoma californica, F. Sabellariidae, C. Polychaeta, P. Annelida

• known as “sand castle worms”

what is this and find the ocelli, parapodia, acicula

• sp. Neanthes, F. Nereididae, C. Polychaeta, P. Annelida

what is this and find the septa, buccaneers cavity, pharynx, crop, gizzard, spermatheca, lobes of seminal vesicle, nerve cord, and peritoneum

• sp. Lumbricus terrestris, F. Lumbriculidae, SC. Oligochaeta, C. Clitelatta, P. Annelida

what are the types of feeding strategies?

• active predatory: free-living, seeking out large prey (PF)

• deposit feeders: eat organic matter in sediment (DF)

• suspension feeders: eat from water column (SF)

who is under subclass errantia?

• F. Onuphidae

• F. Nereididae

• F. Glyceridae

• F. Polynoidae

• F. Hesionidae

• F. Phyllodocidae

• F. Aphroditidae

who is under subclass Sedentaria?

• F. Opheliidae

• F. Maldanidae

• F. Terebellidae

• F. Cirratulidae

• F. Flabelligeridae

• F. Sabellariidae

• F. Sabellidae

• F. Serpulidae

• F. Chaetopteridae

  • O. Sipuncula

  SC. Echiura

cephalo

head

ped-/pod-

foot

cuticle

protective outer layer of epidermis

tagmata

morphologically distinct regions like the abdomen

endopodite

inner branch on biramous structure

exopodite

outer branch on biramous structure in crustacean

podites

limb segments

hemocoel

body cavity containing circulatory fluid (like coelom, but reduced)

cryptobiosis

a state when metabolism is undetected

tardigrades

rostrum

anterior projection of the carapace

mandibles

jaws used to crush food

maxillae

mouthparts for sorting food and delivering it to mandibles

thoracopods

appendage on the thorax

maxillipeds

appendages on thorax for food handeling

pereopods

appendages used for walking and often for swimming forward

chelipeds

pincers/claws

coxae

base of pereopods

dactyl

end of the pereopods

pleopods(swimmerets)

appendages on the abdomen used for swimmingu

uropods

last abdominal appendages

telson

where the abdomen ends, has the anus

who is under the super phylum Panarthropoda?

p. Onychophora

p. Tardigrada

p. Arthropoda

• Subphylum Crustacea

how is the crustacean body divided?

two tagmata: head and abdomen

Phylum Onychophora

• hydrostatic skeleton

• most are diecious

• spray slime glands like spiderman to capture and eat food

• ancestral to both annelids and arthropods

what features do Onychophora have in common with Annelids?

external/internal segmentation

what features do Onychophora have in common with Arthropods?

chitinous cuticle has papillae, cuticle molted, hemocoel, tracheal tube for respiratory, chitin lined pharynx & esophagus

Phylum Tardigrada

• 8 lobopods

• have laws, spines, external plates, cirri

• resistant eggs and cyst

• can undergo cryptobiosis

• body has a cuticle that is molted

what is this? find the gut, body wall layers, slime gland, heart, and hemocoel

cross section of velvet worm Peripatus

what is this showing?

tardigrades

name each of these parts of a crayfish?

starting from top of tray:

1. telson

2. uropods

3. pleopods

4. pereopods

5. mandible

6. maxilla

7. maxillipeds

8. antenna

9. antennule

what stage of molting is this?

post molt

no apolytic space, flesh inside is right up against the cuticle, no new setae

seen in Pachygrapsus sp (lil crab i killed)

what stage of molting is this?

pre molt

apolytic space is obvious, flesh is pulled back and old setae folded. new setae can be seen

seen in Pachygrapsus sp (lil crab i killed)

marsupium

a pouch to protect eggs

thoracopod

any appendage attached to the thorax

nauplius

first larval stage of crustaceans

taxonomy list for phylum arthropoda

• SP Crustacea

  • C. Copepoda

  • C. Ostracoda

  • C. Branchiopoda

    • O. Diplostraca

    • O. Mysida

  • SC. Cirripedia

    • O. Thoracica

  • Superorder Peracarida

    • O. Amphipoda

    • O. Isopoda

  • O. Decapoda

    • IO Achelata

    • IO Anomura

    • IO Brachyura

    • IO Caridea

meroplankton

spend portion of lives as plankton, like spiny lobsters and barnacles

holoplankton

planktonic throughout their life, like copepods and krill

epitoke

posterior sexual portion of polychaetes that are specialized to swim to find mates and reproduce through spawning

in polychaetes

zoea

first planktonic larval stage of many Decapods

• IO Anomura have long dorsal and anterior spines

  • crabs brood eggs past the nauplius stage and release planktonic Zoea

in crustacea

megalopa

second and last planktonic larval stage of some Decapods

in crustacea

phyllosoma

a larval stage unique to Achelata (spiny lobsters)

some stay in this stage for years

in crustacea

cypris

second larval stage unique to barnacles

both ends of carapace are pointedand it is the final stage before adult form.

in crustacea

elytra

modified dorsal cirri on F. Polynoidae

used for respiration

radioles

feathery structures used in ciliary-mucous feeding and respiration

like tentacles

gnathobases

found at base of legs, grind up food and move towards mouth in the middle

coxa

basal most article of pereopods

how can you tell the sex of a Pachygrapus sp. (crab)?

female= U shape abdomen

male= V shape abdomen

branchial chamber

gill chamber

pericardial sac

walled sac containing heart and vessels. take up water to assist in ecdysis

cardiac stomach

large anterior foregut that keeps food from coming back up the esophagus

pyloric stomach

2nd stomach containing the gastric mill

gastric mill

rows of “teeth” in the pyloric stomach used for digestion and auditory signaling

hepatopancreases

after both stomachs, food goes here to be absorbed and stored

chromatophores

pigment sacs that become more visible as small muscles pull sac to surface of skin

ecdysis

process of shedding the old cuticle