Nutrition and Metabolism

What are Nutrients?

Chemicals from the environment needed for survival

What are nutrients used for?

Supply energy to fuel metabolic processes. Building blocks for producing essential bodily molecules

What are the two major nutrient classes?

Macronutrients, micronutrients

What is the definition of Essential Nutrients?

Nutrients the body cannot synthesize sufficiently

Where must essential nutrients be obtained from?

The diet

What is are Calories?

Units of heat used to express the amount of energy in foods

What are examples of Carbohydrates?

Sugars and starches

What kind of compounds are carbohydrates?

Organic

Where is energy held in carbohydrates and what does it do?

In the chemical bonds, and to power cellular processes

What are the three “saccharide” sources for carbohydrates?

Poly, Di, Mono

What are polysaccharides?

Complex carbohydrates, starch from plant foods and glycogen from meats

What are disaccharides?

Double sugars, like milk sugar and cane sugar

What are monosaccharides?

Single sugars, like honey and fruits

What does digestion break down carbohydrate wise?

Complex carbohydrates

What does digestion break complex carbohydrates down to?

Monosaccharides that are small enough to be absorbed

What is the name of the complex carbohydrate abundant in our food?

Cellulose

Is Cellulose be digested? What is it used for then?

Not digested, used for fiber

What are some of the different monosaccharides are absorbed from the digestive tract?

Fructose, galactose, glucose

What is the most common cellular fuel oxidized in glycolysis?

Glucose

What happens to the other monosaccharides not oxidized in glycolysis?

Converted into glucose by enzymes in the liver

What is glucose broken down into when needed for cellular respiration?

CO2, H2O, energy

What is excess glucose converted into by glycogenesis?

Glycogen

Where is glycogen stored after being processed in glycogenesis?

Liver, muscle cells

If enough glucose is already stored, what is it converted into by liopgenesis?

Fats

Where are the fats from lipogenesis stored?

Adipose tissue

What do many cells break down fatty acids to get?

Energy

What is the definition of Glucogenesis?

COnversion of non-carbohydrates to glucose for cells that use glucose as an energy source

What is the primary fuel source for cellular processes?

Carbohydrates

What is the guesstimated minimum requirement of carbohydrate intake per day?

125-175 grams

What are lipids?

Organic compounds that include fats, oils, phospholipids, cholesterol

What do lipids supply energy for?

Cellular processes

What do lipids serve as building blocks for?

Cell membranes

What are triglycerides composed of?

Glycerol, 3 fatty acids

What are the most common dietary lipids?

Triglycerides

What are triglycerides also called?

Fats

Where are triglycerides found?

Plant-based & animal-based foods

Where are saturated fats found?

foods of animal origin, meats, eggs, milk, lard

What oils are saturated fats found in?

Palm, coconut

What fat are carbon atom in fatty acid double-bonds not allowed in?

Saturated

Where are unsaturated fats found?

Seeds, nuts, plant oils

What fat are carbon atom in fatty acid double-bonds allowed in?

Unsaturated

What fat is considered the healthiest?

Monounsaturated

Where is cholesterol abundant?

Liver, egg yolk

Where is cholesterol also found in other foods?

Whole milk, butter, cheese, meats

Is cholesterol found in plant origins?

No

What are the lipids found in foods?

Phospholipids, cholesterol, fats/triglycerides

What is one of the main function of lipids?

Mainly supply energy

What are triglycerides broken down into to release energy?

Glycerol, fatty acids

What can the convert fatty acids into?

Other forms

What are the fatty acids called that the liver cannot synthesize?

Essential fatty acids

Where must the essential fatty acids be obtained from?

Diet

What does the liver combine to make lipoproteins?

Proteins

What are the lipoproteins classified on?

Density

What are lipoproteins used for in lipid transport?

Target specific cells

What is the abbreviation for very low density proteins?

VDLs

What is the abbreviation for low density lipoproteins?

LDLs

What is the abbreviation for high density lipoproteins?

HDLs

What has a high content in VDLs?

Triglycerides

What has a high content in LDLs?

Cholesterol

What has a high content in HDLs?

Protein

Cholesterol is produced by what organ?

Liver

Where is cholesterol released into?

Blood

What can be used to make bile salts?

Cholesterol

What is excreted in bile?

Cholesterol

What does adipose tissue store and release as needed?

Triglycerides?

What is the recommended percentage of lipids to not exceed in total daily calories?

30%

What are the chains in proteins made of?

Amino acids

What is one of the functions of proteins?

Building new proteins

What do proteins also supply?

Energy

What are proteins first broken down into?

Amino acids

What are amino groups removed through?

Deamination

What can excess amino acids by converted into?

Glucose or fats

What is the byproduct of deaminated portions being decomposed?

ATP

What are some foods that contain less protein?

Legumes (beans,peas)

How many amino acids does the body need to synthesize proteins?

20

What are the 12 amino acids that can be synthesized by the body?

Non-essential amino acids

What are the 8 amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body?

Essential amino acids

What is the rule with the 20 types of the amino acids for protein synthesis?

All 20 must be present simultaneously

Are essential amino acids stored in the body?

No

What are complete proteins?

Proteins that contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids

What are incomplete proteins?

Proteins that do not contain adequate amounts of the essential amino acids

What does protein have a high percentage of?

Nitrogen

What leads to a state of nitrogen balance?

Dynamic equilibrium

What is the ratio of dynamic equilibrium?

Overall gain = overall loss

What does a negative nitrogen balance develop from?

Starvation

What does a positive nitrogen balance develop from?

Growing children, pregnant people, athletes training

What is the recommended daily protein meal percentage?

10%

What does a deficiency of protein lead to?

Tissue wasting, decline in plasma proteins

What supplies energy for all metabolic processes?

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

How many calories are in a gram of Carbohydrates?

4\.1

How many calories are in a gram of Proteins?

4\.1

How many calories are in a gram of Lipids?

9\.5

What is the Basal metabolic rate?

Rate at which body expends energy under base conditions

What does the BMR mostly reflect?

Energy needed to support activities of organs

What does BMR vary by?

Sex, body size, body temp, thyroid hormone activity

What is the Body Mass Index?

Assessment of weight, taking height into consideration

What is an overweight BMI classified by?

BMI of 25-30

What is an obese BMI classified by?

BMI >30

What is the definition of appetite?

The drive that compels us to seek food

Where is the control center of appetite located?

Hypothalamus