IPHY 2400 - Chapter 10: Urology and the Urinary System

glomerulonephritis

-itis of glomeruli of the kidney. complication of acute viral/strep infection. antigen-antibody complex clogs pores of capillaries in glomeruli

hydronephrosis

urine distends the renal pelvis and calices/ureter. occurs w blood clot, infection, kidney stone

nephrolithiasis

kidney stone (calculus) in urinary system. scraping of stone against ureter/bladder leading to spasms. severe pain, N&V, hematuria

nephropathy

kidney disease

nephroptosis

abnormally low position of a kidney

polycystic kidney disease

hereditary - cysts in kidney that destroy nephrons leading to kidney failure

pyelonephritis

-itis of the renal pelvis of the kidney due to bacteria going up to bladder.

renal cell cancer

carcinoma beginning in epithelial cells in nephron tubules

renal failure

urine production decreases and even stops due to acute/chronic disease

acute kidney injury (AKI)

sudden renal failure due to trauma, blood loss, infection

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

gradual renal failure, renal insufficiency leads to failure

uremia

excessive buildup of urea in blood due to renal failure

UTI

bacterial infection in urniary tract, often due to E. coli bacteria

urethritis

-itis of the urethra

albuminuria

albumin in urine; “proteinuria” due to dmg in glomerulus capillaries

anuria

absence of urine production in kidneys

bacteriuria

bacteria in urine

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

enuresis

involuntary release of urine, N/A to young children.

frequency

urinating often, usually in small amounts

glycosuria

glucose in the urine, associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitis

heamturia

blood in the urine

hesitancy

inability to initiate urine stream. dribbling and width decreases

ketonuria

ketones in urine. body metabolizes fat > glucose

nocturia

increased frequency and urgency to pee at night

oliguria

decreased or scanty productine of urine due to kidney failure/dehydration

polyuria

excessive urine production. symptom of diabetes mellitus/insip.

pyuria

WBC or pus in urine due to UTI

urgency

increased urge to urinate with pressure in the bladder

antispasmodics

relaxes smooth muscle in urinary tract - Tx for cystitis or overactive bladder

diuretics

black Na+, reabsorbs in the kidney, decreased blood volume, increases urine volume

overactive blader drugs

decreases smooth muscle contractions in the bladder

potassium supplements

replace K+ lost when taking diuretics

bladder neck suspension

Tx for incontinence, insert sling of muscle tissue/synthetic mesh around the bladder neck and urethra

cystectomy

bladder removal

cytoscopy

cytoscope examines inside of bladder

cystitis

-itis of the bladder due to a bacterial infection

cystocele

hernia where the bladder bulges thru a weakness in muscular wall of vagina/rectum. retention of urine in the hernia

incontinence

can’t keep urine in the bladder due to injury, surgery, unconsciousness, or dementia

neurogenic bladder

nerves to the bladder don’t work properly, urinary retention due to the bladder not contracting

overactive bladder

bladder has too many involuntary contractions, causes increased urgency and frequency

urinary retention

inability to empty the baldder due to obstruction, nerve damage, or drug side effects.

vesicovaginal fistula

passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

blood test to measure urea in the blood. increased lvls due to kidney dysfunction

creatinine

blood test measures the amt of creatinine in the blood. increased lvls due to kidney dysfunction

leukocyte esterase

quick urine dipstick test that detects esterase. indicates a UTI

urinalysis (UA)

urine test considering color, odor, pH, sediment content, and specific gravity. also screens for glucose, ketones, RBCs, WBCs, and proteins

find albumin in UA

abnormal. indicates glomerulus dmg

pink/red UA

blood in the urine

turbid UA

suggests UTI

ketones in UA

abnormal. due to diabetes mellitis or malnutrition

fruity odor in UA

diabetes mellitus

normal UA pH

pH a little bit over 7

crystals like calcium oxalate and uric acid in UA

can form kidney stones

specific gravity (SG, sp gr) in UA

concentration of urine compared to H2O

WBCs in UA

due to UTI, if cloudy deemed TNTC (too numerous to count)

catheterization

tube thru urethra and into bladder to drain urine

dialysis

removes waste from blood of Pt in renal failure

hemodialysis

fistula created, 2 needles, one taking and one returning blood

peritoneal dialysis

permanent catheter thru the abdominal wall. dialysate fluid put into the abdominal cavity, then removed with waste from the blood.

intake and output (I&O)

Pt total fluid intake and total outake for the day

kidney transplant

match blood and tissue types, recipients must be on immunosuprressants for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection

lithotripsy

laser/sound waves break up kidney stones

nephrectomy

removal of a kidney

nephrolithotomy

endoscope is inserted, removes stone

nephropexy

correction for abnormally low kidney

stone basketing

cytoscope in bladder, wire basket passed thru

urethroplasty

reposition of the urethral meatus in male Pt with hypospadias or epispadias