NBEO mnemonics

HLA-B27 diseases

CRAPs

Crohn's
Reactive arthritis [Reiter's]
Ankylosing spondylitis
Psoriatic arthritis

or, if you prefer

"B-27 Isn't A Real Plane"

Inflammatory bowel disease
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis [Reiter's]
Psoriatic arthritis

chromosomal disorders

"Elect at 18
Drink at 21
Calvin Klein is a man
Tina Turner is a girl who turns"

Edward's : extra chromosome 18
Down's : extra chromosome 21
Klinefelter's : male with extra X
Turner's : female with missing X and with esotropia(?)

serotypes of chlamydia/trachoma

DicK : Chlamydia STD serotypes D-K [inclusion conjunctivitis]

trA-Choma : Trachoma serotypes A-C

Reactive Arthritis [Reiter's syndrome]

"Can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree"

Conjunctivitis and uveitis, urethritis, polyarthritis

thyroid eye disease

NO SPECS

No signs or symptoms
Only signs [stare = Dalrymple Sign]
Soft tissue involvement
Proptosis
EOM involvement [IR usually first]
Corneal involvement
Sight loss

malignant melanoma evaluation

ABCDE

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color differences
Diameter size
Evolving

[most lethal primary skin cancer]

late signs of trachoma

"uncle Art and Herbert driving in a Tacoma"

Arlt lines [white scarring of superior tarsal conjunctiva]

Herbert's pits [scars on limbal conjunctiva following follicle resolution]

location of Vogt's striae and hydrops [late keratoconus]

S : Striae : Stroma
D : Drops : Decemet's

Vogt's striae are vertical lines in the deep stroma and hydrops are tears in Decemet's membrane

systemic associations with keratoconus

T-DOME

Turner's
Down's
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Marfan's
Ehlers-Danlos
[also mitral-valve prolapse]

keraToconus is DOME shaped cornea

types of deposits for stromal dystrophy

"Marilyn Monroe Got Hers in L.A."

Macular : Mucopolysaccharide [autosomal recessive]
Granular : Hyaline
Lattice : Amyloid

According most sources, Lattice has the highest occurrence. But some say GRanular has GReatest incidence

bacteria that can invade intact epithelium

"Canadian National (Professional) Hockey League"

Corneybacterium diphtheriae
Neisseria gonorrhea
(Pseudomonas, some sources have, some don't)
Hameophilus
Listeria

severe NPDR criteria

4:2:1 rule
HVI

4 quadrants of severe retinal hemes
2 quadrants venous beading
1 quadrant IRMA

severe if 1 of the 3 criteria met [52% progression to PDR]
very severe if 2 or more are met [75% progression to PDR]

systemic associations with pre-senile cataract

"MAD Wilson lacks Calcium"

Myotonic dystrophy [christmas tree cataract]
Atopic dermatitis
Diabetes Mellitus
Wilson's disease
Hypocalcemia

choroidal nevus evaluation

TFSOM
-or-
"To Find Small Ocular Melanomas [Use Helpful Hints]"

Thickness [>2mm]
Fluid [subretinal fluid]
Symptoms [blur, floaters]
Orange pigment [lipofuscin on surface of tumor]
Margins [irregular]
Ultrasonic Hollowness
Halo absence

bull's eye maculopathy differentials

"Some People Can't Handle The Bull"

You can think of it like this:

Stargardt's
Progressive
Cone dystrophy
Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (I like to just pair these up)
Thioridazine

or like this:

Stargardt's
Progressive cone dystrophy
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Thioridazine

all cause BULL's eye maculopathy

systemic associations with angiod streaks

PEPSI

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum [PXE]
Ehlers-danlos
Paget's disease
Sickle cell
Idiopathic

use the most common cause [PXE] to remember that the ELASTIC layer of Bruch's is damaged

normal optic nerve rim tissue thickness

ISNT

Inferior [thickest], Superior, Nasal, Temporal [thinnest]

functions of simple epithelial cell types

SAD!

Secretion [cuboidal]
Absorption [columnar]
Diffusion [squamous]

hormones produced in adrenal cortex zones [glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis] from outer to inner

"salt, sugar, and sex"

salt : aldosterone [mineralocorticoid]
sugar : cortisol [glucocorticoid]
sex : androgen

most to least common WBCs

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"

Neutrophils [most]
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils [least]

symptoms affecting speech in Broca's or Wernicke's area lesions

B : Broca's : Broken speech [aphasia]

W : Wernicke's : Wordy speech

causes of pseudotumor cerebri

CANT

Contraceptives
vitamin A (accutane)
Naladixic acid
Tetracycline

Adie's pupil presentation

ADie's : Acute Dilated

this is caused by a ciliary ganglion lesion

Argyll Robertson Pupil presentation

ARP : Accommodative Response Present

purpose of the muscles of Horner and Muller

H : Horner : Helps drain tears

M : Muller : Maintains eyes open

Horner's syndrome triad

"Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis"

don't forget about dilation lag and reverse ptosis!

CN III and CN VII effects on lid position

III : pillars that hold the eye open

7 : fish hook pulls eye closed

branches of CN V: V1 [ophthalmic nerve]

NFL

Nasociliary, Frontal, Lacrimal

isolation of oblique muscle vertical movements

"O's to the nose"
51-55 degrees nasal will isolate elevation and depression, they are also drawn next to the nose in a Park's-3-step drawing

don't forget their PRIMARY actions are torsional
they also aid in abduction of the eyes

lateral orbital wall bones

"Great-Z"

Greater wing of sphenoid and Zygomatic

orbital floor bones

"My Pal gets his Z's on the floor"

Maxillary, Palantine, Zygomatic

nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure AND the common tendinous ring

NOA

Nasociliary, Oculomotor, Abducens

nerves passing through the superior orbital fissure and ABOVE the common tendinous ring

"FLighT over CTR"

Frontal, Lacrimal, Trochlear

number of bones in each orbital wall location

"2, 2, 3, 4, all have sphenoid except the floor"

[roof, lateral, floor, medial]

remember lateral is strongest, floor is weakest, 7 bones in all

medial orbital wall bones

SMEL [or ELMS]

Sphenoid [body], Maxillary, Ethmoid, Lacrimal

These are near the nose, which SMELls!

orbital roof bones

"Front-Less"

Frontal, Lesser wing of sphenoid

angle structures from posterior to anterior

"I Can't See The Stupid Line"

Iris
Ciliary body
Scleral spur
Trabecular meshwork
Schlemm's canal
Schwalbe's Line

layers of the retina from outer to inner

"RPE, 2 outer, 2 inner, GNI"

Retinal pigment epithelium
Photoreceptors
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fiber layer
Internal limiting membrane

function of the myoid [inner] and ellipsoid [outer] sections of the photoreceptor inner segment

M : Myoid : Makes protein

E : Ellipsoid : Energy, lots of mitochondria here

rod and cone synaptic terminals

R : Rods : spheRules

C : Cones : pediCles

names of the twelve cranial nerves

"Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, AH"

I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: Oculomotor
IV: Trochlear
V: Trigeminal
VI: Abducens
VII: Facial
VIII: Vestibulocochlear
IX: Glossopharyngeal
X: Vagus
XI:Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal

functions of the twelve cranial nerves

"Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More"

S= Sensory [I, II, VIII]
M= Motor [III, IV, VI, XI, XII]
B= Both [V, VII, IX, X]

CN II afferent pupillary and saccadic pathway destinations

P : Pupil : Pretectal nucleus

S : Saccades : Superior colliculus

route for sympathetic innervation of dilator muscles

"have Sympathy for the Long Dilators"

Sympathetic fibers mooch along the Long posterior ciliary nerves to the Dilator muscles

location of Bell's Palsy and stroke lesions

L : beLL's : Lower motor neuron lesion [entire ipsilateral face]

S : Stroke : Supranuclear lesion [lower contralateral face]

meningeal layers from inner to outer

PAD

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

they PAD the optic nerve, remember CSF is in subarachnoid space, between pia and arachnoid

fiber arrangement in optic tract AND in optic radiations (superior vs inferior)

SMILe

Superior fibers : Medial
Inferior fibers : Lateral

macular are in the middle

macular fiber projections to occipital cortex gyri

SCIL "skill"

Superior : Cuneus
Inferior : Lingual

summary of inferior fibers: Lower=Lateral=Loop=Lingual

parietal and temporal lobe VF defects

PITS

Parietal : Inferior field "pie on the floor"
Temporal : Superior field "pie in the sky"

normal OKN movement in infants before 3-5 months

"ToNs of movement is normal"

Temporal to Nasal are normal

electron movement in oxidation and reduction reactions

LEO, the lion, says GIR

Loss of electrons is oxidation
Gain of electrons is reduction

-or-

OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss of electron
Reducation Is Gain of electron

fat soluable vitamins

DEAK

age changes to Decemet's membrane

D3

Decemet's triples from 5 to 15 microns over time

factors effecting lens clarity

G : Glutathione : Good

C : Calcium : Crappy

Glutathione protects lens from oxidative changes, calcium accumulation clouds the lens

gram stain results

Positive = Purple

gram negative organisms will stain red

hypersensitivity reaction types

ACID

I: Anaphylactic [IgE, histamine]
II: Cytotoxic [IgM, IgG]
III: Immune-complex-mediated [Ag-Ab complexes]
IV: Delayed or cell-mediated [T-lymphocytes]

location of band keratopathy

B : Band : Bowman's

seen in gout and hypercalcemic patients

herpes simplex infection types

"it takes 2 to make II"

Type I above the belt [cold sore]
Type II below the belt [genital]

plaque formation seen in Alzheimer patients

A : Alzheimer's : Amyloid

specifically beta amyloid protein deposits with brain cells

Parkinson's symptoms

TRAP

Tremor at rest
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural instability

caused by dopamine deficiency due to substantia nigra degeneration

adrenocortical levels in Addison's and Cushing's patients

Addison's need to ADD more [decreased]
Cushing's have some CUSHion [excessive]

symptoms of Pheochromocytoma

P : Pheochromocytoma : Pain, Palpitations, Pallor, Perspiration

these patients will be hypertensive with severe headaches

signs of Crohn's disease

"Fat old Crone Skipping down a Cobblestone road"

creeping Fat, Skip lesions, and Cobblestone mucosa are seen in Crohn's but NOT ulcerative colitis

normal EOG Arden ratio value

"an ARtist should make more than $1.85"

EOG indicates RPE health and Arden ratio should be >1.85
Subnormal is 1.85-1.3
Abnormal is <1.3

retinal appearance of congenital syphilis

S y P : SyPhilis : Salt y Pepper

'y' is spanish for 'and'

causes of whorl keratopathy

"Mr. Fabry whorls his CHAI T"

Fabry's Disease
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Amiodarone
Indomethacin
Tamoxifen

Phenothiazines are also in here, you can modify it to be "CHAI TP" but that isn't as tasty.
You can also modify it to be "CHAI-TT" with the second T being thioridazine, I personally say it like "Chai Teas" so I remember there are two Ts.

pertinent side effect of Flomax

FLOmax : FLOppy iris syndrome

this is a likely contraindication for cataract surgery

sign associated with atopic dermatitis

"DAD took me to Dennys"

Dennie's line : Atopic Dermatitis

syphilis lab tests

R : RDL, VDRL : Right now [active]

F : FTA-Abs : Forever [latent]

bacterial ribosomal subunit binding of antibiotcs that slow protein synthesis

"buy AT 30, CEL at 50"

Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines = 30s

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin [all macrolides: "romycins"], Lincomycin = 50s

systemic side effects of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors [second step in folic acid synthesis]

"Treats Marrow Poorly"

Trimethoprim, Methotrexate, and Pyrimethamine

Oral use can cause bone marrow suppression leading to aplastic anemia, leukopenia, and granulocytopenia.

Bacitracin and Polymyxin B gram coverage

Baci(+)racin [gram positive]

Polymyxin(-)B [gram negative]

available in combination as Polysporin

drugs with potential to cause NAION

"VIVA NAION" (or "VIVA la viagra!")

Viagra, Immitrex, Vardenafil, Amiodarone

method of action for Digoxin

"NaK for getting DIGits"

Na/K ATPase inhibitor

drugs that can and cannot be used with pregnant women and drugs that can be used

"pregnant women are not very FAST because they are PACking a baby"

DO NOT use
Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Sulfanomides with pregnant patients

Penicillin, Azithromycin, Cephlosporin are OK for use with pregnant patients assuming no allergies

side effect of oral fluoroquinolones

"-LONES can hurt attachments to BONES"

May lead to tendonitis/tendon rupture

aminoglycosides

"TobraGent 30"

Tobramycin and Gentamicin bind to 30s subunit.

active TB medications

"RIPE"

Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

Remember Rifampin can turn tears orange/pink and Ethambutol may cause optic neuritis

side effects of Ribavirin and Interferon

Just see the back of the bottle of RIBAViriN

Retinal detachment, Ischemia [cws], Bleeding [retinal heme], Arterial/ Venous occlusion, optic Neuritis

remember the most common is CONJUNCTIVITIS!
See is read like C

dopamine agonists for Parkinson's

"Amanda and her Bro played at the park

Amantadine, Bromocriptine

All of these have adrenergic agonist like effects which increase the risk of AACG due to mydriasis

drugs increasing bleeding complications in the eye

"Now We Don't Clot Anymore"

NSAIDs, Warfarin, Dipyridamole, Clopidogrel, Aspirin

ocular cholinergic antagonists

"STop ACH"

Scopolamine, Tropicamide, Atropine, Cyclopentalate, Homatropine

contraindicated populations for atropine use

ABCDE

Atropine Beware in Children, Down's, and Elderly

anticholinergic toxicity

"Hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter, blind as a bat."

duration of anticholinergic effects in order

"ASH CiTy"

Atropine, Scopolamine, Homatropine, Cyclo, Tropicamide

mast-cell/antihistamine combinations

"PEZBOP"

Pataday, Elestat, Zaditor, Bepreve, Optivar, Patanol

Good for acute (antihistamine) and chronic (mast-cell) allergic symptoms

normal caloric testing results

"COWS"

Cold Opposite, Warm Same

nystagmus will beat toward the tested ear with warm water and vice versa

Duane's Syndrome types

"count the D's"

Type 1= limited abDuction [most common]
Type 2= limited aDDuction
Type 3= limited abDuction and aDDuction

CN VI doesn't develop correctly, CN III tries to supply some innervation to LR

all can cause globe retraction and narrow of the palpebral fissure with adduction

MRSA effective antibiotics

"MRSA Can Be Very Difficult"

Clindamycin, Bactrim, Vancomycin, and Doxycycline are all effective

flow of CSF

LIT AF
Lateral ventricles
Intraventricular foramen
Third ventricle
cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth ventricle

Corneal dystrophy substances deposited

Marilyn Monroe Got Hers in Los Angeles
Macular-Mucopolysaccharide, Granular-Hyaline, Lattice-Amyloid

Limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis

CREST
Calcinosis
Raynaud's syndrome
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia

Which side of the heart is the mitral valve located on

Left
mitraL = Left

Which part of the eye participates in active diffusion for the formation of aqueous?

Non-pigmented ciliary epi
"Non-pigmented pushes the Na"

Width of Vessel layers of the stroma of the choroid

Haller = Huge
Sattler's = small

Large comes before small as it works it's way towards being smaller and smaller and finally the choriocapillaris

Salzmann's nodular degeneration happens where and is composed of what?

"Salina used to work High at EB games"

It's between the Epithelium and Bowman's layer and is composed of Hyaline

What is the order of stages of ocular development?

"Everyone kNows People Vomit Studying For Comprehensive Exams"

Ectoderm - Neural tube - ocular pits - ocular vesicles - ocular stalk - optic fissure - optic cup - eyes

What kind of illumination is best for color testing?

Macbeth

"Out you damn spot!" (You need Macbeth to see all the different colored spots on the test)

What amino acid substitution takes place in sickle cell?

"Sickles give me the heebee VGs"

Valine subbed for glutamic acid

How to reproduced a Sine wave grating?

"F COPs"

Frequency, phase, orientation, contrast