Key Metabolic Reactions in Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

ATP Hydrolysis

The reaction where ATP becomes hydrolyzed into ADP

REDOX

A reaction where both oxidation and reduction reactions take place at once

Phosphorylation

A reaction of the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Synthesis

A reaction of two or more simple elements or compounds combine

Decarboxylation

A reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases CO2

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A metabolic reaction that produces ATP to ADP by transferring a phosphate group

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A metabolic reaction that generates ATP using energy from REDOX reactions

Photophosphorylation

The reaction of ADP to ATP using energy of sunlight by activation of PSII

NAD/NADH

Accepts (1 proton) electrons and carries them to the ETC to synthesize ATP, used in cellular respiration

FAD/FADH2

Accepts (2 protons) electrons and carries them to the ETC to synthesize ATP, used in cellular respiration

NADP/NADPH

Accepts (1 proton) electrons and carries, used in photosynthesis

CoA

Provides the acetyl group to produce Acetyl CoA from pyruvate

ATP Synthesis

Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, produces ATP by combining an ADP with a phosphate group (created from protons)

Glycolysis

Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, uses 2 ATP to create 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Alcohol Fermentation

Pyruvate decarboxylase into aldehyde and recycles NADH and transform into Ethanol, occurs in the cytoplasm

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvate recycles NADH and transforms into Lactic Acid (lactic acid is resynthesized in the liver)

Pyruvate Oxidation

The breakdown of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Creates 2 NADH and losses 2 CO2

Kreb's Cycle

The slow breakdown of Acetyl CoA, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Creates 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH, 1 ATP

ETC

Creates an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Chlorophyll A

A pigment that absorbs blue/red light in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

Accessory Pigments

A pigment that absorbs red, orange and yellow light

Reaction Centre

Protein pigment complex that converts light energy into chemical energy for photosynthesis

Antenna Complex

A cluster of pigments that absorbs light energy and transfer them to the reaction centre

Primary Electron Acceptor

NADP

PSII (P680)

Light is captured than splits water into 2 protons and an oxygen, creates and pushes 1 high energy electron

PSI (P700)

Absorbs pigment above 680nm, does not split water, re-energizes the energy electron from PSII

Cyclic Electron Flow

Only involves PSI, high energy electron are transferred to Cyt C, produces ATP

Non-Cyclic Electron Flow

Water is split to produce oxygen and protons, ETC establish electrochemical gradient, the high energy electron is combined with NADP

Calvin Cycle

Converts CO2 into glucose, occurs in the stroma.

Carbon Fixation

CO2 combines with rubisco and RuBP

Reduction

6 ATP and 6 NADH are combined to make 2 G3P (a sugar)

Regeneration

3 ATP is used to regenerate a single G3P to RuBP