semester final key terms

lexington and concord

british general Thomas Gage heard rumors about colonists stockpiling weapons in Concord

led troops from boston to Concord

Paul Revere warns colonists → colonists intercepted the british in Lexington by minutemen in april 1775

george washington

general of continental army

master at retreat strategy bc their army wasn’t strong enough to take Britain head-on

first pres under constitution

thomas paine

enlightenment thinker

wrote Common Sense: argued for independence by denouncing monarchy and challenging the logic behind the British Empire

“There is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island”

declaration of independence

a written declaration stating the colonists’ independence from Britain

contained grievances and enlgihtenment thinking

battle of yorktown

oct 1781 - virginia

last major battle in the war for independence

American and French army forced British general Cornwallis to surrender

Washington and Rochambeau left the armies

French Navy prevented British navy from entering, leading to their eventual loss

articles of confederation

first constitution of america

Congress was given no power to levy or collect taxes, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, or establish a federal judiciary

loyalists

group of people or political party that was loyal to Britain, believed they should be under English rule and didn’t want independence

republican motherhood

belief that women were essential in nurturing the principles of liberty in the citizenry. Women would pass along important values of independence and virtue to their children, ensuring that each generation cherished the same values of the American Revolution

women’s actions became politicized. Some even described women’s choice of sexual partner as crucial to the health and well-being of both the party and the nation

louisiana purchase

France had ceded Louisiana to Spain in exchange for West Florida after the Seven Years’ War decades earlier

concerned about American access to New Orleans, which served as an important port for western farmers

the pressures of war in Europe and the slave insurrection in Haiti forced Napoleon to rethink his vast North American holdings.

Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million—roughly equivalent to $250 million today

american system

In 1817, South Carolina congressman John C. Calhoun called for building projects to “bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals

make America economically independent and encouraged commerce between the states over trade with Europe and the West Indies

nclude a new Bank of the United States to provide capital; a high protective tariff, which would raise the prices of imported goods and help American-made products compete

second great awakening

• response to intellectual and social currents

• religious camp meetings captured the democratizing spirit of american rev.

• cane ridge, kentucky - one of the earliest and largest revivals

  • sparked changes like switching the formal style of worship

mormonism

created by Joseph Smith

formed after Smith got a vision about both Methodist and Protestant church were wrong

joseph smith

• 
  mormon founder

• claimed that God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to him in a vision in a grove of trees near his boyhood home in upstate New York and commanded him to “join none of [the existing churches], for they are all wrong.”

• visitations from angelic beings revealed to Smith the location of a buried record,

  • containing the writings and histories of an ancient Christian civilization on the American continent

• published the Book of Mormon in early 1830 and organized the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)

• dispatched missionaries to england and ireland, eventually more abroad

• took additional wives

seneca falls convention

• 1848

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized

• two-day summit in New York state in which women’s rights advocates came together to discuss the problems facing women

• Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments for the _____ to capture the wide range of issues embraced by the early women’s rights movement

  • outlined fifteen grievances and eleven resolutions. They championed property rights, access to the professions, and, most controversially, the right to vote. Sixty-eight women and thirty-two men, all of whom were already involved in some aspect of reform, signed the Declaration of Sentiments.

mexican cession

• CA, NV, UT, AZ, part of NM CO and WY

• land given thru treaty of guadalupe hidalgo after mex-am war

henry clay

• helped draft missouri compromise

• whig leader

• asked to broker a compromise

  • for these reasons: Increased clamoring for the admission of California, New Mexico, and Utah pushed the country closer to the edge. Gold had been discovered in California, and as thousands continued to pour onto the West Coast and through the trans-Mississippi West, the admission of new states loomed

compromise of 1850

• stpehen douglas asked to shepherd the bills through Congress, which he in fact did. Legislators rallied behind the Compromise of 1850, an assemblage of bills passed late in 1850, which managed to keep the promises of the Missouri Compromise alive

• worsened the sectional crisis

  • southerners: tough new fugitive slave law that empowered the federal government to deputize regular citizens in arresting runaways

  • New Mexico Territory and the Utah Territory would be allowed to determine their own fates as slave or free states based on popular sovereignty

  • allowed territories to submit suits directly to the Supreme Court over the status of freedom-seeking people within their bound

fugitive slave act

• mandated the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners and heightened tensions between Northern and Southern states

• 1842 Supreme Court case Prigg v. Pennsylvania ruled that the federal government’s Fugitive Slave Act trumped Pennsylvania’s personal liberty law.

• Antislavery activists believed that the federal government only served southern enslavers and were trouncing the states’ rights of the North

uncle toms cabin

novel by harriet beecher stowe highlighting brutality of slavery

bolstered the abolitionist cause, the terms outlined by the Compromise of 1850 appeared strong enough to keep the peace.

stephen douglas

• 
  debated lincoln during the 1858 illinois senate election

• helped w compromise of 1850

popular sovereignty

• idea that the territories decide for themselves

• kansas-nebraska issue: organizations like the New England Emigrant Aid Company provided guns and other goods for pioneers willing to go to Kansas and establish the territory as antislavery through popular sovereignty.

• compromise of 1850: New Mexico Territory and the Utah Territory would be allowed to determine their own fates as slave or free states based on popular sovereignty

kansas-nebraska act

• Salmon P. Chase drafted a response in northern newspapers that exposed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill as a measure to overturn the Missouri Compromise and open western lands for slavery.

• protests emerged in 1854 throughout the North, with key meetings in Wisconsin and Michigan

bleeding kansas

• pioneers went to kansas for the sole purpose of stuffing the ballot box 4 anitslavery

• divide after the voting results

• started mini civil war

• first place to demonstrate that the sectional crisis could easily be, and in fact already was, exploding into a full-blown national crisis.

• attracted militants representing the extreme sides of the slavery debate.

sumner-brooks incident

• violently beaten with a cane by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina on the floor of the Senate chamber

• Sumner accused Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina, Brooks’s cousin, of defending slavery so he could have sexual access to Black women

scott v. sandford/dred scott

• ruled that Black Americans could not be citizens of the United States and therefore could be transported as chattel from any state to another regardless of state law.

• signaled that the federal government was now fully committed to extending slavery as far and as wide as it might want.

reconstruction

• the effort to restore southern states to the Union and to redefine African Americans’ place in American society—began before the Civil War ended

• Abraham Lincoln began planning for the reunification of the United States in the fall of 1863

alexander hamilton

• secretary of treasury under washington

american revolution

• british and colones

• began bc of taxes, end of salutary neglect, and mercantilism

• 1765-1783

anti federalists

opposed stronger fed govt

antietam

• sept 1862

• lee wants turning pt in war

• mclellan back in charge and he knows lees battle plan cuz he found it

• union intercepts confederacy at antietam → bloodiest day

• lee retreats

• political turning point: france and england dont give aid to confed. bc they dont view their govt to be a govt

appomattox

• lee surrenders to grant

• 1865

crittenden compromise

senator john crittenden of ky

• allow salvery south of 36 30 line in all territoties

• prohibit abolition in dc without its consent

• national govt cannot interfere w interstate slave trade

• full compensation to owners of rescued fugitive slaves

• songress cannot abolish slavery within salve states even places under federal jurisdiction

• prohibit fututre amendments to change amendments

bull run

1

• july 1861

• union expected war to be 2 weeks, this war changed that

• “the great skedaddle” bc they retreated

• union kept losing battles after this

2

• 1862

• “manassas”

• big confed. victory, emboldens lee to make first incursion to the north

civil rights cases

• 1863

• supreme court heard a number of cases known as ____

  • declared civil rights act of 1875 (prevented segregation) unconst.

  • supreme court argues congress cannot tell private businesses what to do

dawes severalty act

• broke up tribal organizations and made them law abiding citizens

• no longer viewed tribes as legal entities = wipes out land ownership 4 tribes

• 160 acres of land given to individual native families

• if they stayed for 25 years they can get citizenship

declaratiom of sentiments

Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments for the Seneca Falls Convention to capture the wide range of issues embraced by the early women’s rights movement.

She modeled the document on the Declaration of Independence to make explicit the connection between women’s liberty and the rhetoric of America’s founding.

The Declaration of Sentiments outlined fifteen grievances and eleven resolutions. They championed property rights, access to the professions, and, most controversially, the right to vote.

emancipation proclamation

• 1863

• after antietam, lincoln wants to boost morale but is hesitant

• acknowledges slavery helps confederacy

• executive order declaring all slaves in 11 seceded states were free and authroized recruitment of afr. am. into war

• technically didnt free anyone

farewell address

• george washington 1796

• significant document in American history. In it, Washington announced his decision not to seek a third term as president, emphasizing the importance of national unity and warning against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. The address was composed with the help of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

federalists

advocated for strong nat govt

french and indian war

• 1754

• britain and france

• france wanted ohio river to link their colonies

  • british didnt want this cuz it would prevent them from hoing west of missippi river

• 1754 - virginia gov sends military officers to ohio river → shots exchanged

• 1756 - war formally declared, first british fight poorly

  • 1757, political turning point: william pitt takes over and becomes sec. of state

    • financial incentives given to colonists who fight

gettysburg

• 1863

• turning point: lee will be on defensive for the rest of the war

ghost damce

• given to a native through a dream saying that if they danced, prayed, and chanted, there would be a new culture and life renewed

homestead act

• 1862

• 160 acres of land to any family that stay there for 5 years, pay a small fee, and promise to “imporve’ the area

john burgoyne

• John Burgoyne was a British Army officer

• commanded British forces during the Saratoga campaign in 1777

• surrender on October 17, 1777, marked a significant turning point in the war. This defeat led to France formally entering the conflict on the side of the American colonies, providing crucial military support.

john jay

• first Chief Justice of the United States,

• authored some of The Federalist Papers.

• jay treaty

  • Jay's Treaty was negotiated by John Jay, Following the Revolutionary War, several issues remained unresolved, including British military presence in the Northwest Territory, trade restrictions, and compensation for American shipowners whose vessels had been seized by the British.

  • required Britain to withdraw its troops from the Northwest Territory by June 1, 1796, etc.

    • The treaty was signed on November 19, 1794, and ratified by the U.S. Senate in June 1795.

john marshall

• chief justice from 1801 - 1835

• marbury v madison

• mcculloch v maryland

battle of little big horn

• 1876

• col. george custer and sitting bull

• sioux resisted reservation policy

• 1868, sioux reluctantly moved to south dakota

• 1874 gold found where they live, black hills

• americans disrepected the treaty

  • sitting bull leaves reservation, col. george custer goes to find them and attacks but are outnumbered, sioux win

mexican american war

The U.S. claimed the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, while Mexico argued that the Nueces River was the correct boundary.

officially began apr 25 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848

The U.S. acquired approximately 525,000 square miles of territory, including present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts owed by Mexico to American citizens.

nativism

disliked immigrants

navigation acts

series of laws enacted by the English Parliament in the 17th and 18th centuries to regulate trade and shipping

restricted manufacturing in the American colonies to ensure that they remained dependent on British goods

old world

europe when they found the west

sand creek massacre

• 1894, CO

• john chivington attacked Cheyenne tribe w/ volunteers

• killed every indian they can find

thomas jefferson

pres from 1801-1808

maintained national bank

trans atlantic slave trade

riangular trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, facilitating not just the movement of enslaved people but also goods such as sugar, rum, and textiles

whigs

• clay supporters

wounded knee massacre

• 1890

• last significant event of indian wars

• indians believed if they danced the ghost dance, prayed, and chanted, there would be a new world and culture renewed → white settlers panicked and sent army to them to stop it

• natives have a rumor that they are going to be relocated, so they dance the ghost dance → dirt thrown in air which created tensions

  • a gun was fired and americans fire

  • 150-300 natives killed

albany plan of union

• new council made out of the feench indian war

  • power given to negotiae w/ natives, create defense strat, levy taxes

john winthrop

English Puritan lawyer and the leading figure in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, led the first immigrants from England in 1630 and served as this colony's governor

john rolfe

first settler in the colony of Virginia to successfully cultivate a tobacco crop