Weeks 1-6
What are the characteristics of flaccid dysarthria related myasthenia gravis?
muscle weakness and fatigue that can recover with rest, affecdts voluntary muscles of the body, deterioration in articulation, dysphonia, poor loudness, hypernasality, continues until client is unintellible.
What is spastic dysarthria caused by?
Bilateral UMN lesions (damage to the motor cortex and/or its descending projections), stroke, MS, TBI, MND, cerebral palsy etc.
Damage to UMN results in an imbalance between what?
excitatory and inhibitory inpot to lower motor neurons
What are the clinical signs of spastic dysarthria?
weakness, spasticity (hypertonia), slowness of movement, reduced range of movement, no muscle atrophy, pseudobulbar effect, bilateral facial palsy, bilateral hemiparesis
Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria (UUMN) symptoms present where?
physical signs and symptoms present on the ipsilateral side (opposite side)
The upper face is innervated ______, the lower face is innervated ------
bilaterally, unilaterally
Ataxic dysarthria is associated with damage where?
In the cerebellum/cerebellar control circuit
What are the causes of ataxic dysarthria?
Demyelination (MS), stroke, trauma, tumour
What is ataxia?
uncoordinated, ‘broken’ movements
What are the impacts of ataxic dysarthria on speech?
imprecise articulation, slurrig, stress is excess and equal, irregular AMRs
problems with cognitive linguistic processing
Aphasia
sensorimotor planning
Apraxia of Speech (AOS)
neuromuscular execution
Dysarthria
What are the two main functions that are affected by AOS?
articulation and prosody
What are the different types of Dysarthria?
Spastic, Flaccis, Ataxic, Hypokinetic, Hyperkinetric, Mixed
MSD’s arise from damage at many sites of the nervous system. True or False?
True
Hypo/Hyperkinetic Dysaarthria are associated with damage to which site in the nervous system?
Basal ganglia
Ataxic dysarthria is associated with damage to which part of the nervous system?
Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebral cortex is associated with which type of MSDs?
Apraxia of Speech (AOS), Spastic dysarthria and Upper Motor Neuron dysarthria.
Flaccid dysarthria is associated with damage to which nervous system site?
Cranial and spinal nerves.
Flaccid dysarthria is associated upper or lower MN lesions?
Lower Motor Neuron lesions (LMN)
Which type of dysarthria is associated with lesions somewhere between the brainstem/spinal cord and muscles of speech? (LMNs)
Flaccid dysarthria
What are the signs of Lower Motor Neuron lesions?
Muscle weakness, flaccid/hypotonic muscles, loss of muscle reflexes, muscle atrophy, fasciculations
Damage to the cell body of the LMN can be caused by…
Brainstem strokes, neuroplasms/tumours, MND (motor neuron disease i.e. ALS)
Damage to the axon of the LMN can be caused be/associated with…
Bell’s Palsy
Impaired nerve impluse transmission at the neuromuscular junction (LMN) is associated with what kind of dysarthria and what other condition?
Flaccid dysarthria, myasenthia gravis
What are the speech features of flaccid dysarthria?
What is muscle atrophy?
The degredation of muscle tissue
What are the characteristics of hypotonia?
Not enough muscle tone (weakness), associated with flaccid dysarthria, LMN involvement
What are the characteristics of bradykinesia?
slow muscle movements, slow in initiation and execution of muscle movements, associated with Parkinson’s diseases and hypokinesia
What are the characteristics of the pseudobulbar effect?
sudden, uncontrollable emotions like laughter or crying, emotional lability, associated with unilateral UMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria
What is spasticity?
Too much muscle tone. Associated with hypertonia, spastic dysarthria and UMN damage
Flaccid dysarthria with bilateral CNV (trigeminal) involvement results in…
Bilateral jaw movement difficulties - resulting in poor articulation
Flaccid dysarthria with bilateral CNVII (facial) involvement results in…
Bilateral lip movement difficulties - resulting in poor articulation of plosives, labial sounds
Flaccid dysarthria with bilateral CNXII (hypoglossal) involvement results in…
Bilateral tongue movement difficulties - articulation issues due to weakness etc.
What is the most severe form of flaccid dysarthria?
multiple cranial nerve lesions (bulbar palsy)
What are the characteristics off flaccid dysarthria associated bulbar palsy?
several cranial nerves involved, so all speech components affected (articulation, hypernasality, breathiness, monoloudness etc.)
What are the kinesic problems associated with basal ganglia circuit issues?
Hypokinesia, hyperkinesia
What is dopamine important for (in terms of movement)?
executing movements
Hypokinetic dysarthria is what?
Lesions in the basal ganglia control circuit where there is TOO MUCH inhibition/not enough excitation
What is the cause of hypokinetic dysarthria?
Parkinson’s Disease
What are the speech characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?
low volume, monotonous voice, very fast speech rate
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
too little inhibition, dopaminergic hyperfunction, increased excitation of motor cortex
What is dystonia?
sustained movements over 5 secs (still a jerky movement but lasts longer in the position)
What are the speech characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?
slurred speech, strained, tight, hypernasality, inappropriate loudness, unpredictable
Apraxia of Speech is problems with what?
constructing a motor plan for speech
What is the most common cause of AOS?
Left MCA stroke
What happens to someone with AOS when they try to speak?
imprecise articulators, visible groping, awake of mistakes, consonant and vowel distortions, perseverative subsititutions, anticipatory substitutions, blurring of voiced and voiceless boundaries.
What is AOS' impact on speech prosody?
Slower rate, silent pauses, equal stress, monopitch and monoloudness
What is usually spared with AOS (might not be with severe cases)
automatic speech
Is AOS or dysarthria concerned with execution of movement?
dysarthria
Does AOS or dysarthria benefit from cueing strategies?
AOS