Physiological- skeletal and muscular system

flexion

joint angle decreases

extension

joint angle increases

abduction

limb moves away from midline

adduction

limb moves towards midline

horizontal flexion

limb parallel to the ground and moved forwards

horizontal extension

limb parallel to the ground and moves backwards

medial rotation

limb turns about its longitudinal axis towards midline of the body

lateral rotation

limb turns about its longitudinal axis away from midline of body

circumduction

limb moves in a circular motion

dorsi flexion

toes lifted towards shin

plantar flexion

toes pointed down towards ground

muscles of the shoulder

anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, medial deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, teres minor

muscles of the elbow

biceps brachii, triceps brachii

muscles of the wrist

wrist flexors, wrist extensors

muscles of the hip joint

illiopsoas, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, adductor longus

muscles of the knee

biceps femoris, rectus femoris

muscles of the ankle joint

tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus

sagittarius plane

divides body left and right

sagital plane sporting example

somersault

sagital plane movements

flexion, extension, dorsi flexion, plantar flexion

transverse plane

divided body top and bottom

transverse plane sporting example

turn/spin

transverse plane movements

rotation, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension

frontal plane

divides body front and back

frontal plane sporting example

cartwheel

frontal plane movements

abduction, adduction

agonist

the muscle responsible for the movement of a joint

antagonist

the muscle that lengthens or relaxes as the agonist contracts, it has an action opposite to that of the agonist

fixator

the muscle that stabilises the joint where the origin of the axis sits, helps agonist function effectively

flexion at the shoulder: agonist, antagonist, fixator

anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius

extension at the shoulder: agonist, antagonist, fixator

posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid, trapezius

abduction at the shoulder: agonist, antagonist, fixator

medial deltoid, latissimus dorsi, trapezius

adduction at the shoulder: agonist, antagonist, fixator

lattisimus dorsi, medial deltoid, trapezius

horizontal flexion at the shoulder: agonist, antagonist

pectorialis major, trapezius

horizontal extension: agonist, antagonist, fixator

trapezius, pectoralis major, trapezius

medial rotation: agonist, antagonist, fixator

• anterior deltoid, lattisimus dorsi, pectoralis major

• posterior deltoid, termed minor

• trapezius

lateral rotation: agonist, antagonist, fixator

• posterior deltoid, teres minor

• anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major

• trapezius

flexion at the shoulder sporting example

upward ball toss of a tennis serve

extension at the shoulder sporting example

backstroke start

abduction at the shoulder sporting example

outward arm movement as GK prepares to save penalty

adduction at the shoulder sporting example

inward arm movement as footballer sets up defensive wall

horizontal flexion at the shoulder sporting example

execution phase of discus throw

horizontal extension at the shoulder sporting example

preparation phase of discus throw

medial rotation at the shoulder sporting example

execution of topspin on a forehand drive

lateral rotation at the shoulder sporting example

execution of topspin on a backhand drive

circumduction at the shoulder sporting example

complete cricket bowling arm action

flexion of the elbow agonist, antagonist, fixator

biceps brachii, triceps brachii, deltoid

extension at the elbow: agonist, antagonist, fixator

triceps brachii, biceps brachii, deltoid

flexion at the elbow sporting example

recovery phase of freestyle stroke

extension at the elbow sporting example

execution phase of tennis serve

flexion at the wrist: agonist, antagonist

wrist flexors, wrist extensors

extension at the wrist: agonist, antagonist

wrist extensors, wrist flexors

flexion at the wrist sporting example

recovery phase of basketball set shot

extension at the wrist sporting example

grip in javelin throw

flexion at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

illiopsoas, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi

extension at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

gluteus maximus, illiopsoas, latissimus dorsi

abduction at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

gluteus medius & minimus, adductor longus, latissimus dorsi

addiction at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

adductor longus, gluteus medius& minimus, illiopsoas

medial rotation at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

gluteus medius& minimus& adductor longus, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi& illiopsoas

lateral rotation at the hip: agonist, antagonist, fixator

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius& minimus& adductor longus, latissimus dorsi

flexion at the hip sporting example

recovery phase of kicking a ball

extension at the hip sporting example

driving back leg in sprint start

abduction at the hip sporting example

outward leg movement to stop a ball going wide of the body

addiction at the hip sporting example

inward leg movement when landing a cartwheel

medial rotation at the hip sporting example

turning leg inwards to kick ball with outside of boot

lateral rotation at the hip sporting example

turn by feet out for breast stroke leg action, propulsive phase

flexion at the knee: agonist, antagonist, fixator

bicep femoris, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus

extension at the knee: agonist, antagonist, fixator

rectus femoris, bicep femoris, illiopsoas

dorsi flexion: agonist, antagonist, fixator

tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius& soleus, hamstring group

plantar flexion : agonist, antagonist, fixator

gastrocnemius& soleus, tibialis anterior, quadriceps group

dorsi flexion sporting example

ski jumper holding position in flight

plantar flexion sporting example

ballerina pointing toes

flexion at the knee sporting example

driving phase of rowing stroke

extension of the knee sporting example

preparation phase of a kick

isotonic contraction

muscle changes length

concentric contraction

muscle shortens

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens

isometric contraction

the muscle does not change length whilst exerting a force

isotonic contraction example

lifting and lowering phases of weight training

isometric contraction example

crouch phase of rugby scrum

all or none law

if the action potential threshold is reached, all muscle fibres in the motor unit are activated. if it is not reached no muscle fibres are activated

slow oxidative

endurance fibres

fast oxidative glycolytic

speed endurance fibres

fast glycolytic

speed/ power fibres

slow oxidative structural characteristic

many capillaries, many mitochondria, small fibre size

fast oxidative glycolic structural characteristics

medium fibre size, many capillaries, many mitochondria

fast glycolytic structural characteristics

few capillaries, few mitochondria, large fibre size

slow oxidative functional characteristics

slow speed of contaction, low force of contraction, slow rate of fatigue

fast oxidative glycolytic functional characteristics

fast speed of contraction, high force of contraction, medium rate of fatigue

fast glycolytic functional characteristics

fast speed of contraction, high force of contraction, fast rate of fatigue

slow oxidative sporting example

marathon

fast oxidative glycolytic sporting example

800m

fast glycolytic sporting example

100m sprint