3.1: UNDERSTANDING CRISIS AND DISASTERS

Crisis

● A situation faced by an individual, group or organization which they are unable to cope with by the use of normal routine procedures and in which stress is created by sudden change.

● A time of intense difficulty or danger.

Health crisis

Political crisis

Cultural crisis

Economic crisis

Natural event crisis

Different Types of Crisis

Emergency

a serious, unexpected, and

often dangerous situation

requiring immediate action

Continuum of Magnitude of Disaster

a cyclic life cycle used to organize how communities handle hazards

Predictable, handled locally

Emergency

Community disruption, Outside help needed

Disaster

Regional impact, Aid slow to arrive

Last: _______

Catastrophe, Extinction

Disasters

A sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. Occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.

(dus-) meaning "bad"

(aster) meaning "star"

The word DISASTER came from Ancient Greek prefixes:

unfavorable planetary positions.

The ancient Greeks used to blame calamities on ______________

Size

Degree of Uncertainty

Timing

Cause

Characteristics of Disasters

Size

scope, intensity, and duration

Degree of Uncertainty

expected or unexpected

Timing

time of day, day of week, season

Cause

natural or man-made

Natural Disasters

Large-scale or geological or meteorological events that have the potential to cause loss of life or property

Meteorological

Geological

Biological

Man made Disasters

Element of human intent, negligence or error involving a failure of a man-made system

Natural hazards

can be categorised based on how quickly they occur and the severity of their impact

Slow Onset

these are hazards that develop gradually over weeks, months, or even years. They may not seem immediately dangerous, but their long-term impacts can be devastating

Rapid Onset

natural hazards that happen suddenly with little or no warning. Although they may not be as globally catastrophic as some events, they can still cause significant localized damage and pose high risks to life and infrastructure.

Catastrophic

these are sudden and extremely destructive events. These events cause massive destruction and loss of life in a very short period.

THE THREE LEVELS OF EFFECTS CAUSED BY NATURAL HAZARDS

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Primary

direct and immediate effects of a natural hazard, occur as a result of the hazard itself

Secondary

Indirect effects that happen because of the primary effects, often, they happen minutes to days after the main event

Tertiary

the long-term and lasting impacts of the disaster, they often develop months or years after the event.

Disasters and Their Psychological Impact

Disasters are not uncommon events; no two disasters are exactly alike, but certain characteristics tend to be associated with specific reactions among survivors.

● No two survivors are the same

● No two disaster experiences are the same

● No two response and recovery experiences are the same

Therefore, individuals’ perception of and responses to a shared event will differ

Solastalgia

Distress that is produced by environmental change impacting on people while they are directly connected to their home environment. (ALBERCHT ET AL. 2007)

“solace”

loss of comfort due to degradation of the inhabited environment

“algia”

group of feelings common to people who live in a degraded environment

Eco-guilt

Eco-anxiety

Eco-grief

3 ECOLOGICAL EMOTIONS

Eco-guilt

“self-criticism, self-examination, self-blame in environmental loss”

Eco-anxiety

“chronic fear of environmental doom”

nagiging motivating factor to advocate for change

Eco-grief

“grief felt in relation to experienced or anticipated ecological losses”

it is quite similar with solastalgia that can also be anticipated

ex. nabili na ng isang company yung lupa niyo & you heard na gagawin na siyang SM

Predictors of Survivor Reactions

Any one survivor’s reaction will result from an interaction between the characteristics of the disaster, the individual, and the response.

Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression

Extreme reactions: co morbid disorders?

Post-traumatic stress disorder

also known as shell shock, coined during WW1. it includes tremors, loss of sight and hearing, and extreme fatigue

Southeast tsunami survivors, six, quality of life.

In Siqveland and his colleagues (2015) follow-up study of __________for ____

years, depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms were negatively related to their ____________

Survivor’s Guilt

Exhibits various symptoms based on the reasoning for the trauma caused, often leading to feelings of deep sorrow, disbelief, and occasionally even a sense of accountability. It can be a symptom of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

● “How can I be happy that I survived when so many others don’t.”

● “Why not me?”