MEDI102A: 5 - Vaccines and Vaccination

Injection / Parenteral

This route of administration for vaccines is the only one used for killed vaccines.

Pasteurella multocida

What is the causative agent of Fowl cholera?

Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae

What is the causative agent of Mycoplasmosis?

True

True or False: Vaccination can never provide 100% protection against infectious diseases

Erysipelothrix insidiosa

What is the causative agent of Erysipelas?

Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella gallinarum

What is the causative agent of Salmonellosis? (3)

Escherichia coli

What is the causative agent of colibacillosis?

Haemophilus paragallinarum

What is the causative agent of Infectious Coryza?

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

What is the causative agent of Ornithobacteriosis?

antigens;
oil emulson; aluminum hydroxide adjuvant

Killed vaccines consist of a high dose of inactivated ________ combined with an ____ _____ or ____ _ ____.

antigen

Live vaccines, in contrast to killed vaccines, usually contain only one _

1. Spray (Aerosol)
2. Mixed with drinking water
3. Eye drop
4. Parenteral (injection)

Live vaccines can be administered via what mode? (4)

H120; Infectious Bronchitis Virus

An example of attenuated vaccine for poultry is derived from the _ strain of ____ _ _____

B1; Newcastle disease virus

Vaccines can be live as a naturally occurring mild strain of the organism is acquired such as the ____ strain of _____ ______ _____

Intestines

What is the target organ for multiplication of Avian Encephalomyelitis

Respiratory tract

What is the target organ for multiplication of Turkey avian rhinotracheitis and Infectious Bronchitis

Bursa of Fabricius

What is the target organ for multiplication of Infectious bursal disease?

True

True or false: Cycling of vaccine viruses is undesirable with Turkey avian rhinotracheitis (TRT) and ILT

Infectious Bursal Disease
Newcastle Disease
Infectious Bronchitis

Cycling of vaccines are desirable in achieving flock immunity to (3) diseases:

coughing; snicking

Mild _ or "___" is exhibited after Newcastle Disease Vaccination.

1. The general health of the flock and the local pattern of disease
2. The genetic type and function of the bird
3. The cost-benefit of vaccination against potential loss
4. The short or long-term protection required
5. The vaccinations or diseases that occurred in the previous generation and would influence maternal antibody status

(5) immunological and commercial factors has to be considered in devising a vaccination program:

2g/L; 2:100

When mixing vaccines with drinking water, skimmed milk should be added if the water contains chlorine at the rate of ___ / ____. added in the ratio of __:__

20 - 30 minutes

The milk powder or milk shoud be mixed with the water ___ - ____ minutes before adding the vaccine to give time for neutralization of any damaging components in the water such as chlorine or metallic ions.

chlorine or metal ions

The milk powder or milk shoud be mixed with the water 20-30 minutes before adding the vaccine to give time for neutralization of any damaging components in the water such as ____ or ______ _____

True

True or false: Sanitizers can inactivate viruses, which is why there should be no residues of any sanitizer in the containers of vaccine solutions.

2 hours

The vaccine should be used as soon as possible when mixed with drinking water, after reconstitution and certainly within ____ hours

2 days

Water sanitizers should be withdrawn from the drinking system for ___ ____ before the vaccine is administered.

hourly

The day before vaccine is due to be administered for nipple drinkers, the water meter should be read _ to determine the pattern of drinking, especially in relation to the timing of the feeders

30-60 minutes

When the drinkers are dry they should be raised, preferably - mins prior to feeder activation.

header tanks

In the absence of a water meter, the water consumption can be estimated by measuring the water level in the ___ ____

250L

The drinker lines in a shed may contain as much as _ of water

14L / 1000 broilers

Volumes of vaccine-containing water:
2 weeks old (____L / 1000 broilers)

21 L / 1000 broilers

Volumes of vaccine-containing water:
3 weeks old (____L / 1000 broilers)

28L / 1000 broilers

Volumes of vaccine-containing water:
4 weeks old (____L / 1000 broilers)

Dosing; proportioners

______ machines or _____ are also used for administering vaccine and are more useful where ad libitum feeding is practiced.

2%

To achieve the ____% milk concentration in the drinker lines, one has to use pure skimmed milk for stock solution

pure skimmed milk

To achieve the 2% milk concentration in the drinker lines, one has to use ____ _ _ for stock solution

5 μm in diameter

An aerosol generally contains mainly particles of less than ____ diameter at bird level.

Escherichia coli; septicemia

Aerosols may initiate a severe vaccine reaction with (bacteria: _), resulting in ______

100 μm in diameter

A coarser spray with particles greater than ________ diameter when they leave the sprayer is generally preferable in an aerosol and is less likely to cause an adverse reaction.

priming

Aerosol vaccination is recommended for vaccinating birds in areas where ND is endemic but only after _ with ND vaccine in the form of coarse spray.

Water Sensitive Paper (WSP)

____ _____ ____ are used to measure droplet sizes as an assessment for vaccination purposes.

distilled; deionized

In spraying, vaccine should be constituted in ____ or ____ water.

chlorine; dissolved solids and salts

Tap water can contain , and _

200-400 mL

For day-old vaccination via spraying, -_mL of water per 1000 chicks or poults is sufficient.

500-1000mL

If knapsack sprayers are used during rearing or lay, -_ mL of water per 1000 birds may be required to achieve uniform vaccine cover.

False; Spray vaccines are more effective in controlled environments, therefore it is more effective in closed houses.

True or False: Spray Vaccines are equally effective in open-sided houses and closed houses.

eyedrop; intranasal

Of all the methods of administration of live vaccine, the ___ ____ or _ ____ route is probably the most effective, although time-consuming and labour-intensive.

biocide-treated sponge

A needle sanitizer sleeve containing a _-_ _ can be fitted onto the syringe to ensure aseptic injection up to 500 times.

breast

The _ offers a safer target area than the drumstick of the leg where tendons, nerves, or blood vessels can be hit above the hock joint.

1. head swelling
2. granulomata
3. liver punctures
4. lameness

Accuracy is important in parenteral administration as incorrect needle placement can result in (4) side effects.:

12.5 mm long; 1.1mm thick

The most frequently used needles for inactivated vaccines are _______ mm long and ________ mm (19 gauge) thick

Wing Web

Vaccination via the ____ ____ is the principal method of administration of fowl pox vaccine.

5 to 7 days

The application site on the wing web should be examined ____ to ____ days post-vaccination to ensure a take

ND (Newcastle Disease)

In feed administration of vaccines has been used for the distribution of live thermostable ____ vaccine to widely dispersed small backyard flocks in areas such as India, Ethiopia and Southeast Asia.

1. India
2. Ethiopia
3. South-east Asia

In feed administration of vaccines has been used for the distribution of live thermostable ____ vaccine to widely dispersed small backyard flocks in areas such as (3):

In ovo

___ _____ vaccination is now being used in a number of countries for the administration of MD and other live vaccines

18 days

When conducting In Ovo, Fertile chicken eggs are inoculated at __ days on transfer to the hatchers.

35 and 80 days of age

Broilers may be killed at any time between ___ and ____ days of age, so vaccine requirements may vary considerably depending on slaughter age.

17 and 24 days

The virulent strain of IBD virus is endemic in many countries now and two doses of intermediate strain vaccine are usually required, given at about ___ and ___ days

14 days of age

The vaccine of IBD is given in the drinking water at about _ ___ of age but should not be given to birds without maternal antibody.

coarse spray

in New Castle Disease vaccination, the first vaccination can be given as ___ ___ in the hatchery.

21

In New Castle Disease vaccination, the second dose can be given via drinking water or fine spray around ____ days of age.

live; 1 day old

Severe challenge conditions for New Castle disease may demand the use ___ ND vaccine and a killed oil emulsion ND vaccine at ___ day old.

1 day old; 18-day-old embryos

MD vaccine is given routinely by injection at __ day old, or in ovo at ___-day-old embryos in countries which reuse litter and therefore have a high residual challenge, or where birds are to be kept to 55 days of age or more.

"wet"
Marek's Disease Virus; Turkey herpes virus

Generally, for MD vaccination, the cell-associated ____ vaccine is considered the most effective and it may be either attenuated ______ or ________ or a combination of both.

7 - 14 days of age

Sometimes for MD vaccination, a second dose is given at around -_ days of age

16- 18 weeks of age

Killed Newcastle Disease vaccine is given around - weeks of age.

Avian pneumovirus

What is the cause of swollen head syndrome?

3-5 weeks of age

An intermediate strain for IBD vaccine is used at around - weeks of age.

16 - 18 weeks of age

Killed IBD vaccine is given at -_ weeks of age to provide even levels of maternal antibody in the progeny chicks.

6 weeks of age

A single dose of live vaccine of CIA virus is given after ____ weeks of age.

14 weeks

Breeders all over the world are given a single dose of live infectious avian encephalomyelitis at around ___ weeks in the drinking water.

Eimeria species

Some of the live coccidiosis vaccines are based on precocious strains of ____ species.

14, 21 and 28 days

Young egg-laying strains of bird are very susceptible to the virulent forms of IBD infection. Thus up to three doses of intermediate strain vaccine may be given at ___, ____ and ____ days by drinking water.

16 weeks of age

Egg Drop Syndrome vaccine may be required and is given by injection at ___ weeks of age as a single dose.

eye drop

Live Infectious Laryngotracheitis vaccines (ILT) are given (route) by ____ ___ in areas where ILT is epidemic

True

True or false: Turkeys are less responsive than broilers against Newcastle Disease

La Sota or Clone 30

___ ____ or ____ ___ can be used as a primer in turkeys and their "take" is better than B1.

4 weeks apart

In turkeys, killed vaccines for fowl cholera are normally given ____ weeks apart during the rearing period.

10 and 24 weeks

In turkeys, killed vaccines for fowl cholera are usually given between __ and ____ weeks

8 weeks

For areas with turkeys that have high challenge of fowl cholera, immunization may be started as early as ___ weeks.

Duck virus hepatitis; duck viral enteritis

For breeders and commercial ducks, ____ _____ ____ vaccine and _ ____ _____ vaccines are needed. (diseases)

Newcastle Disease (ND)

Quail, pheasants and partridges may need ____ vaccine in areas of risk.

Recombinant

_ DNA vaccines combines the safety of killed vaccines and the efficacy of live ones.