PSYC 350 Unit 1 Terms

______________ of psychological knowledge are often called researchers, while ______________ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners.

producers, consumers

______________ involves detailing characteristics or behaviors of interest, ______________ involves demonstrating that characteristics or behaviors are related to each other, and ______________ involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another.

description, prediction, understanding

Intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism are each a useful source of ______________, but only the latter is an accepted source of ______________.

hypotheses, knowledge

______________ hypotheses are related to descriptive knowledge, ______________ hypotheses to predictive knowledge, and ______________ hypotheses to understanding.

attributive, associative, causal

______________ hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors, ______________ hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors, and ______________ hypotheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other.

attributive, associative, causal

______________ comes only from rational induction, while ______________ comes from empirical research

proof, probabilistic conclusion

Applications of the Research Loop involve ______________ studies of new research hypotheses, ______________ studies of previous research to test the reproducibility of previous research findings and ______________ studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.

initial, replication, convergent research

The ______________ approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge, while the ______________ approach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeating the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent findings

critical experiment, converging operations

______________ validity is about causal interpretability, ______________ validity is about generalizability, ______________ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data, and ______________ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related.

internal, external, measurement, statistical

______________ is the component of external validity related to who is in the study, ______________ is the component related to where the study is conducted, ______________ is the component related to what participants do and interact with during the study, and ______________ is the component related to when the study is conducted.

population, setting, task/stimulus, societal temporal

A ______________ sample "looks like" the target population, while a ______________ sample is one procedure used to obtain this goal.

Representative sample, random sample

A ______________ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to all members of the target population, while a ______________ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to individuals who are expected to represent the target population.

complete population, purposive

Each member of a ______________ selected sample is individually chosen from the sampling frame and approached to participate in the research, while those from a ______________ selected sample respond to a general invitation to the sampling frame.

researcher selected, self-selected

In a ______________ sampling plan each member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection, while in a ______________ sampling plan each member of a given subsection of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection.

simple and stratified

A ______________ includes all members of the group(s) to which the researcher would like to generalize the results of the research, while the ______________ is a list or access process for the group(s).

population, sampling frame

The ______________ sample incudes all those selected to complete a study, while the ______________ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study.

selected, data

______________ is when the results from a study tell us about a broad range or populations, settings, task/stimuli and societal/temporal possibilities, while ______________ is when the results from a study tells us about a specific combination of population, setting, task/stimuli and societal/temporal event.

generalizability, applicability

Population, setting, task/stimulus and societal/temporal are the components of ______________ validity, while initial equivalence and ongoing equivalence are the components of ______________ validity

external, internal

______________ validity is about generalizability and ______________ validity is about causal interpretability

external, internal

All participants have the same value of a ______________, participants' different characteristics or behaviors lead them to have different values of ______________, while differential treatment of participants leads to their having different values of ______________.

Constant, measured variable, manipulated variable

The ______________ variable is intended to have an influence on the DV, whereas a ______________ variable is an unwanted influence that eliminates causal interpretability of the results.

causal, confounding

A control ______________ is not a confound because all participants have the same value on this characteristic, whereas a control ______________ is nt a confound because members of the different treatments have the same average value on this characteristic.

constant, variable

______________ equivalence is accomplished when all subject variable are controlled and ______________ equivalence is accomplished when all procedural variable are controlled.

initial, ongoing

______________ variables are measured, while ______________ variables are manipulated

subject, procedural

We use ______________ blind procedures to ensure that the participants will not know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study; we use ______________ blind procedures ensure that neither the participants nor the data coders will know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study

single, double

We randomly assign participants to __________ conditions to help control initial equivalence, while we randomly assign them to ________ conditions to help control ongoing equivalence.

IV, procedural

We randomly assign participants to IV conditions to help control ________ equivalence , while we randomly assign them procedural conditions to help control ________ equivalence.

initial, ongoing

A ______________ involves a single treatment or condition, while ______________ involve at least two treatments or conditions.

demonstration, comparison

A ______________ can never be an experiment, while a ______________ can, if it is properly conducted.

demonstration, comparison

A ______________ involves random assignment of participants and manipulation of the causal variable, while a ______________ may have manipulation of the causal variable, but never involves random assignment of participants

true experiment, non-experiment

Data from a properly conducted ______________ can be causally interpreted, while data from a ______________ can never be causally interpreted.

true experiment, non-experiment

The ______________ is the causal variable and the ______________ is the effect variable.

IV, DV

The ______________ is sometimes measured and sometimes manipulated, while the ______________ is always measured.

IV, DV

______________ designs have different participants in each condition, while ______________ designs have the same participants in all conditions.

between group, within group

______________ designs are also called cross-sectional designs, while ______________ designs are also called longitudinal or repeated-measures designs

between group, within group

______________ data collection usually involves interviews or questionnaires, while ______________ data collection usually involves video cameras or field notes

self-report, observational

______________ research is based on self-report data, while ______________ research is based on observational data

survey, observational

______________ data are collected by the researcher when conducting a specific study, while ______________ data are obtained from previous research or standard practice that are used for secondary data analyses

primary, archival

A______________ setting is the most controlled, a ______________ setting is a mock-up of the participant's natural environment and a ______________ setting is the participant's natural environment.

laboratory, structured, field

______________ interviews involve questioning one participant at a time face-to-face, ______________ interviews are sent to the participants who (hopefully) completes and returns the interview to the researcher, ______________ interviews involve bothering potential participants during dinner or intimate moments (just kidding), and ______________ interviews involve getting data from a few to a few hundred participants simultaneously

personal, mail, phone, group self-report

During ______________ observation the observer is completely hidden from the participants, during ______________ observation the observer appears to be one of the participants, while during ______________ observation the observer is neither hidden nor pretending to be one of the participants

naturalistic, disguised, undisguised

______________ is a potential problem of self-report data collection, while ______________ is a potential problem of observational data collection.

response bias, reactivity

______________ occurs when participants don't respond honestly to questions because they know their answers are being recorded, ______________ occurs when participants behave differently because they know they are being observed

Response bias, reactivity

______________ expectancy effects can only be prevented by double-blind designs, while ______________ expectancy effects can be prevented by single-blind designs

experimenter, participant

______________ expectancy effects occur when data collectors or data coders influence the results of the research, usually to be more in line with their research hypotheses, while ______________ expectancy effect occur when participants respond "as they think they should"

Researcher, participant

____________ bias is a potential problem of observational data collection, while ______________ bias is a potential problem with self-report

observer, interviewer

______________ bias happens with the data recorder or data coder in a study using observational data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis), while ______________ bias happens when the data recorder or data coder in a study using self-report data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis).

observer, interviewer