World History: Semester 1 Final Exam

Who was/what was Charlemagne known for?

- was the first "Holy Roman Emperor"

Who was/what was John Calvin known for?

- born in France, moved to Switzerland
- became the leader of the Swiss Reformation after Zwingli
- 2nd most influential reformer

Explain at least 4 ways that the Reformation impacted and influenced world history:

KEY WORDS: Faith, Scripture, & Faith alone, Christian denominations, Bible translations, increased education, shaped political borders, tension & war, the Spanish Armada, Huguenots, Thirty Years War

don't feel like writing an example (your own writing here)

Describe the effects of increased travel during the Renaissance:

KEY WORDS: European settlements, Native Americans, Conquistadors, forceful takeover, disease, Jamestown, new crops, Squanto, Triangular Trade, Middle Passage, pirates

your own writing

How are Christian beliefs about the beginning of World History different from secular beliefs?

- creation vs. evolution
- a few thousand years vs. billions of years
- humans are God's top creation vs. humans just evolved

Be able to correctly order the following Biblical events:

1. God creates the universe in 6 days & the first humans along with it

2. Adam & Eve are tempted by Satan & are cast out of the Garden of Eden

3. Cain murders his brother Abel out of jealousy & anger

4. A major flood destroys & reshapes the whole earth, but Noah and his family stay alive in a massive ark

5. God confuses people with language at the Tower of Babel & they spread throughout the earth

6. Abram's family moves from the city of Ur to the land of Canaan

Describe civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia:

- In the Fertile Crescent: great for farming, first civilizations grew here
+ between the Tigris & Euphrates

- had city-states Ur, Babylon, Akkad, & Nineveh
+ city-state - a city, or group of people close together, that govern themselves as their own nation
+ Ur was one of the first major centers of the world (Abraham was from there)

- had ziggurats (Mesopotamian ritual temples)

- created number system based off of 60, divided 1 year into 12 periods, divided week into 7 days, made a sundial, potter's wheel, bronze, cuneiform (wedge-shaped writing)

- had Sargon of Akkad who was the first emperor in world history
+ empire - large group of countries/cultures under a single supreme authority

- had the Code of Hammurabi (the oldest surviving set of original laws in World History)

Describe civilization in Ancient Egypt:

- on the Fertile Crescent
+ grew & stored up food & became wealthy

- Nile River (longest river in the world)
+ floods, leaving fertile mud for farming
+ made travel easy
+ believed the Nile was a god

- had a dynasty—a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

- had over 300 pharaohs who were believed to become gods
+ had hundreds of other gods

- Great Pyramids had everything needed for the afterlife

- used mummification to preserve the body
+ incredible medical knowledge (cardiovascular & healing broken bones and burns)

Who was Sargon of Akkad?

the first emperor and made city-states

Who was King Hammurabi?

- ruled Babylon
- one of the most famous rulers
- wrote the Code of Hammurabi (oldest surviving original laws)

Who was King Menes?

united all of upper and lower Egypt and built a dynasty

Who was Hatshepsut?

- one of the first women to be Pharaoh
-ruled while her son was too young (her son later tried to erase her from history)

Who was Thutmose III?

- son of Hatshepsut
- secured more territory than any other pharaoh & had the largest Egyptian empire
- richest man in the world

Who was Akhenaten?

- changed his name
- made all Egypt believe in one god (could've been influenced by Moses)

Who was Nefertiti?

- great royal wife of Akhenaten (possible she ruled)
- famous sandstone bust & an icon for beauty

Who was Tutankhamen (King Tut)?

- son of Akhenaten
- restored gods his father had gotten rid of
- British archaeologist found his full tomb

Who was Ramses II?

- also called "Ramses the Great"
- one of the last pharaohs & had the most children
- he built the most monuments & temples (Abu Simbel)

Who was David?

- too obvious you can figure it out

Who was Nebuchadnezzar II?

- built the city of Babylon into the center of the world

Who was Cyrus II (the Great)?

- Persian king that led a series of military campaigns that expanded the Persian Empire

Who was Qin Shi Huangdi?

- first Chinese emperor
- buried with the terracotta army

Who were/what were the Hittites known for?

- smelting (was cheaper & stronger)

Who were/what were the Phoenicians?

- great international traders
- advanced ship building
- made the alphabet (phonics)

Who were/what were the Israelites?

- God's special people & descendants of Abraham
- Assyrians destroyed & scattered them
- the Neo-Babylonians destroyed their temple and took them into captivity

Who were/what were the Assyrians?

- had an advanced military and used terror as a tactic
- Nineveh was the capital (Jonah)

Who were/what were the Neo-Babylonians?

- they built Babylon into the center of the world

Who were/what were the Persians?

- massive empire in the Middle East (led by Cyrus)
- empire was weakened with Darius
- conquered by Alexander the Great

Identify aspects of civilization in Ancient India:

- had the Himalayas (tallest mountain range), Indus and Ganges Rivers

- the city Mohenjo Daro
+ well developed
+ oldest known plumbing system

- had the Varnas (4 social groups)

- Aryabhata invented algebra & they made the number 0

Identify aspects of civilization in Ancient China:

- invented the crossbow
- built the Great Wall
- idk anything else

Describe the beliefs of Hinduism:

- Ganges River is a god
- many gods, reincarnation
- 3rd largest religion in the world
- has yoga and has universal force & oneness

Describe the beliefs of Buddhism:

- rival of Hinduism
- Siddhartha Gautama
- philosophy, meditating, enlightened, nirvana

Describe civilization in Ancient Greece:

- had city-states called a polis
- democracy = ruled by the people
- Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae (7000 held of 180,000)
- good architecture & full body sculptures
- drama, trilogies, masks, only men actors
- wrote down history & philosophy

Who was/what was Homer known for?

- famous poet who wrote Greek history: "Iliad" & the "Odyssey"

Who were/what were the Spartans known for?

- earliest & largest city-state
- emphasis on military
- rivals with Athens

Who were/what were the Athenians known for?

- created democracy
- rivals with Spartans

Who was/what was King Xerxes known for?

- son of King Darius
- lead invasion into Greece (when Sparta & Athens joined to defend against Persia)

Who was/what was Pericles known for?

- military leader
- expanded power & democracy

Who was/what was Herodotus known for?

- first man to write down history for the sake of writing down history
- nicknamed the "Father of history"

Who was/what was Thucydides known for?

- first historian to actually do research

Who was/what was Socrates known for?

- philosopher who taught to live by the code of ethics

Who was/what was Plato known for?

- student of Socrates
- questioned reality

Who was/what was Aristotle known for?

- student of Plato
- developed area of study like logic, biology, physics, & natural sciences

Who was/what was Philip II known for?

- wanted to unite Macedonia & Greece
- Philippi was named after him
- was assassinated

Who was/what was Alexander the Great known for?

- took over for Philip II
- attacked Persia
- built greatest & largest empire
- died at 32 from alcohol
- because of him, Greek culture spread

Who was/what was Zeus the god of?

- king of all
- god of weather, law, & fate

Who was/what was Poseidon the god of?

god of the sea

Who was/what was Hades the god of?

god of the underworld

Who was/what was Athena the god of?

god of wisdom & defense

Who was/what was Apollo the god of?

god of prophecy, music & poetry, & knowledge

Who was/what was Artemis the god of?

god of hunting, animals, & childbirth

Who was/what was Ares the god of?

god of war

Who was/what was Aphrodite the god of?

god of beauty & love

Who was/what was Nike the god of?

god of victory

Who was/what was Demeter the god of?

god of agriculture & grain

Who was/what was Hermes the god of?

- Zeus's messenger
- god of travel, hospitality, & trade

Explain at least 4 ways that Ancient Greek culture continues to influence modern-day society:

KEY WORDS: democracy, drama, Greek architecture, full body sculptures, writing of history, school subjects, Greek mythology, Nike clothing, the Olympics, Greek language & alphabet

Example:
Ancient Greece continues to influence our modern day society. It's seen in our own government (we have a democratic republic), and our government buildings have arches and that similar Greek-style architecture. They were the first to write down history, so without them, we wouldn't really know what happened in the past. We also wouldn't have history class, biology, physics, and a few more. Etc......

Describe Civilization in Ancient Rome:

- established by Romulus (first king) and Remus on the Tiber River

- a republic = a form of government where citizens have the right to vote for their leaders & representatives
- Roman Senate = 300 people who represented the general public
- Twelve Tables = Rome's first code of laws
- also had natural law = basic human rights

- Romans conquered Greece and adopted some of their styles

- had triumvirates = three people with equal power

- Pax Romana = peaceful, lots of buildings
- concrete, Pantheon, Roman Forum, Trajan Market

- empire fell and split into two halves (eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire)

Who was/what was Julius Caesar known for?

- made himself dictator
- Roman senators stabbed him to death, including his best friend Brutus

Who was/what was Brutus known for?

- Was best friends with Julius Caesar, but ended up killing him

Who was/what was Antony known for?

- part of the 2nd Triumvirate
- made an alliance with Cleopatra VII, fell in love with her, knew they'd be defeated, so they killed themselves together

Who was/what was Cleopatra VII known for?

- fell in love with Antony
- committed suicide together

Who was/what was Augustus known for?

- also known as "Octavian"
- first Roman Emperor
- emperor at the time of Jesus' birth
- long era of peace (Pax Romana)

Who was/what was Caligula known for?

- cruel tyrant who was sexually perverted and mentally unstable
- assassinated by some of his soldiers

Who was/what was Claudius known for?

- limp and slightly deaf, but an ambitious builder
- made many new roads, aqueducts, & canals

Who was/what was Nero known for?

- tyrannical ruler who hated Christians
- started Great Fire of Rome but blamed it on the Christians & burned them alive

Who was/what was Vespasian known for?

- brought balance to Rome
- initiated construction on the Colosseum

Who was/what was Trajan known for?

- ruled when Rome reached its greatest peak
- led greatest military expansion
- welfare for the poor and needy

Who was/what was Hadrian known for?

- rebuilt Pantheon
- built Hadrian's Wall

Who was/what was Marcus Aurelius known for?

- last of the "Five Good Emperors"
- philosopher who followed nature as a source of guidance and inspiration

Who was/what was Diocletian known for?

- determined that the Roman Empire was too big for one man to control
- split up the empire into 4 parts & each part would be ruled by a co-emperor

Who was/what was Constantine known for?

- first Christian Roman Emperor
- created his own capital city named after himself (Constantinople)
- started construction on the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (built right on the site where the tomb of Jesus apparently existed)

Explain at least 4 ways that Ancient Roman culture continues to influence our modern-day society:

KEY WORDS: republic, senate, natural law, Greco-Roman architecture, welfare system, advanced road system, concrete, aqueducts, sporting arenas, common currency, Christianity

Not the best but okay example:
Our government is a democratic-republic. Our advanced road systems are like the Roman's were. They invented concrete, which almost everything today is made of concrete. Sporting arenas play a big role in our entertainment society and they had the Colosseum. They made the idea of a common currency.

Describe European civilization during the Middle Ages:

- the Byzantine Empire still thrived with its capital as Constantinople

- the Franks were the first Germanic Tribe to be Christian

- feudalism was a social class system
- fiefs = large pieces of land given by the king

- jousting was a form of entertainment

- the Catholic Church was a major power structure

- the Vikings raided many places & were known as barbarians

- the Islam saved Greek & Roman writings
- created the number system

- no one cared about intelligence, so they needed to make a bigger emphasis on education, which created universities

- the Magna Carta was the first written Constitution
- Americans looked to it in their writings

- Bubonic Plague knocked out huge population numbers

Rank the 4 levels of feudalism:

1. Kings
2. Lords
3. Knights
4 Peasants

Describe the beliefs & influence of Islam during the Middle Ages:

- Islam literally means "submission to the will of God"

- god is Allah
- 4 prophets (Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus {and Muhammad}) taught Allah's law

- they believed Muhammad was the final prophet for mankind & received revelations from Allah
- he preached in Mecca & Medina

- Muslim rulers were known as caliphs

- 2 sects, Sunnis & Shiites, emerged

- the Quran
- punishments are very literal (cutting off your hand)

- they saved Greek & Roman writings

Describe the influence of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages:

- "Catholic" means universal

- Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne "Holy Roman Emperor", which showed that the Pope not only had religious, but also had political power

- the Great Schism is when the Church split into two because half looked to the Pope as leader and half looked to the Bishop of Constantinople as leader
- Roman Catholic & Greek Orthodox

- the Inquisition = they didn't like people going against the Church, so if there were heretics, they would kill them and make everyone "correctly" teach and preach.

- the Church became the most powerful institution

Rank the 6 levels of the Catholic Church hierarchy:

1. Pope
2. Cardinals
3. Archbishops
4. Bishops
5. Priests
6. Catholics

Summarize what happened during the Crusades:

The Catholics wanted to expel the Muslims from the Holy Land. Christian armies captured Jerusalem from Muslim control, & armies fought. This power struggle kept raging back and forth. In the end, no one "won", only lives were lost.

Who was/what was Clovis known for?

- led the Franks
- first Christian Germanic ruler

Who was/what was Muhammad known for?

- supposedly Gabriel appeared to him
- preached throughout Mecca

Who was/what was Pope Leo III known for?

- crowned Charlemagne "Holy Roman Emperor"

Who was/what was Pope Innocent III known for?

- said that the Pope was above and more powerful than the emperor

Who was/what was Pope Urban II known for?

- called for the first Crusade

Who was/what was King John of England known for?

- forced to approve the Magna Carta

Who was/what was King Philip IV of France known for?

- decided to tax priests

Who was/what was Pope Boniface VIII known for?

- claimed that Pope was supreme and King Philip IV of France couldn't tax them
- tried to fight back, but realized he had no power

Who was/what was Genghis Khan known for?

- most powerful Mongol leader
- united Mongolia's tribes

Who was/what was Kublai Khan known for?

- grandson of Genghis Khan
- conquered China
- established capital of Khanbalik, now known as Beijing

Describe the legacy of the Mongol Empire:

- horses were important

- conquered China
- Mongol leaders would rape & kill those they conquered

- expanded the use of the Silk Road
- horses are still used today
- made beautiful pottery

Describe how the Bubonic Plague influenced the Middle Ages:

- arrived to Europe when a ship docked at Sicily
- spread by just the touching of clothes (lots of trading too)

- killed more than 20 million people (almost 1/3 the population)
- also affected animals

- they thought it was a punishment from God for their sins
- flagellants wanted to pay for their sins by engaging in public repentance & punishment & would beat themselves to try to stop the plague

Who were/what were the Inuit known for?

- crossed land bridge & moved to North America
- harpoons from narwhal tusks & good hunters
- igloos

Who were/what were the Hopewell known for?

- built large mounds for the dead
- Cahokia is a large city

Who were/what were the Iroquois known for?

- lived in longhouse villages

Who were/what were the Plains Indians known for?

- used buffalo & buffalo skins to make teepees

Who were/what were the Anasazi known for?

- used adobe (sun-dried clay) to build pueblos, which were large homes that housed many people
- made beautiful baskets & pottery

Who were/what were the Olmec known for?

- carved large stone heads to represent their ancestral gods & rulers

Who were/what were the Maya known for?

- built large temples & pyramids
- made a complicated, yet accurate calendar
- used cocoa beans as money
- practiced human sacrifice

Who were/what were the Aztecs known for?

- their capital, Tenochtitlan, is modern-day Mexico City
- practiced human sacrifice

Who were/what were the Inca known for?

- most impressive
- capital Cuzco
- dominated all of western South America
- ruled over 12 million people
- transported goods on llamas
- very advanced road system
- made Machu Picchu
- has best preserved mummy in the world

Who was/what was Dante known for?

- Italian poet & philosopher
- best known for the epic poem "The Divine Comedy"