PH POP CULTURE: VARIOUS CONTEMPORARY ISSUES THAT BOLSTERED POPULAR CULTURE

Lower class

this is a large group of people who live along or below the poverty line.

Lower class

they generally do not have the means to meet some, if not all, of the basic necessities needed for survival

Middle class

they are collectively known as the “working class”

Middle class

this is the largest and most diverse group of people who live along and beyond the poverty line

Middle class

their income is sufficient to provide some, if not all, the basic necessities in life.

Middle class

this group serves as the backbone of the economy, which leads to their capacity to do diverse labors

Upper class

this a small group of people who live beyond the poverty line

Upper class

they have the means to gain all the basic necessities in life, which leads them to invest more in their lives and live in luxury

Indian Caste System

what is the most famous social class system?

Datu and Babaylan

what is the 2 highest position in Filipino society back in pre-colonial period?

Babaylan

it is the highest religious position covered by Filipino women and homosexual men

Datu

it is the highest position that leads the barangay, where they were elected among the next caste

Maharlika

they are composed of the feudal lords who agree to band with each other as an unbreakable alliance.

Nobility

what is Maharlika’s Westen counterparts?

Maginoo

these are the group of people that served under the maharlika as their vassals

Gentry

what is the Western counterparts of Maginoo?

Timawa

they are the people who lived freely and in the service of the land. these include ordinary fold, scholar, and merchants

Alipin

they are the lowest major caste in the pre-colonial Filipino caste system that is divided to 2 groups: Aliping namamahay and Aliping saguiguilid

Aliping namamahay

they serve as the workers of the land, similar to peasants in Western feudal classes.

Aliping namamahay

they were not necessarily poor, they just got a tract of land from the higher castes and vowed to work on them to support the community, which slowly became their property if the produce went well

Aliping saguiguilid

they were the lowest of the low because they represented actual slaves.

Aliping saguiguilid

they are typically composed of prisoners of war from other tribes or communities, they worked tirelessly in order to earn their freedom. once free, they join the timawa

Casta system

this is an incentivized system wherein each casta pays taxes based on their racial heritage

Indior and Aetas

they pay the minimum amount of tax, or the “base taxes”

Sangleys

they pay quadruple the base tax due to them being Chinese

Sangleys

they were considered outcasts back then, but because of their skills and business acumen, they were invaluable to the Spaniards

Blancos

they belong to the top 3 classifications, and were exempted from paying taxes

Insulares

these are the first natural-born Filipinos with pure Spanish blood

Americanos

they are simply Spaniards born from the American colonies such as Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, to name some. they were exempted from paying taxes and held power and influence next to the Peninsulares

Peninsulares

they are Spaniards who came from the Iberian Peninsula, where Spain and Portugal are located. they were exempted from paying taxes and help the most power and influencce

Mestizajes

they were a varied casta because they comprised mixed heritages, of which they had their own hierarchy

Mestizo de Espanol

they were the highest in the hierarchy (in Mestizajes) because it is the intermarriage of a Filipino and a Spaniard. they do not pay taxes because they have Spanish blood in them

Tornatras

was the term used here in the PH to classify someone with Spanish and Chinese blood

Mestizo de bombay

they were people with Filipino and Bombay (Indian) heritages. they do not pay taxes because they were not part of the casta

Mestizo de Sangley

they were people with Filipino and Chinese heritages . the lowers among the , they paid fewer taxes from a Chinese standpoint but paid more than Indios

Sex

it refers to the biological trait that determines one’s reproductive function based on the gametes present (female and male)

Intersex

it refers to an individual that carries a particular gamete but has sex organ(s) different from the normative organ(s) of their respective sex

Hermaphrodites

intersex people are known to be?

Gender

it is a spectrum of characteristics of women, men, boys, and girls that are socially constructed, of which it includes norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being one’s self and their relationship with others

Sexual Orientation

it is the term used to describe one’s inclination toward another person in terms of romance (to love and be loved), emotions, and/or sexual urges.

Androphilia

it is the term used to describe one’s attraction to men and/or masculinity.

Gynephilia

it is the term used to describe one’s attraction to women and/or femininity

Bisexuals

it refers to people who are experiencing both androphilia and gynephilia, since they are at the common ground between the 2 sexual orientation groups, termed as ambiphilia

Pansexual

these are people that are attracted to all people regardless of sexual orientation, meaning, they love all sexes (and genders)

Asexual

these are people with no sexual attraction to other sexual orientations or genders

Gender identity

it is the term used to describe one’s self-evaluation regarding their gender

cisgender

people whose gender is identified with the sex they are born in are categorized as?

Transgender

People whose gender identified with the notion that they were born in the wrong sex are categorized as?

Genderqueer/Queer

these are people whose gender does not fall unto either cis or trans categories

Agender

these are people who do not conform to the categories. in their perspective “there is no one gender that can describe them”

Non-binary

these people do not conform to the categories of sexual orientation nor to the categories of gender identity

Gender expression

it is the term used to describe how people express their gender though actions, mannerisms, and even through fashion choices

Masculinity

it is the expression whose qualities or attributed are regarded as characteristically male. this is exemplified by valuing strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness

Femininity

it is the expression whose qualities or attributes are regarded as characteristically female. this is exemplified by valuing empathy, humility, gracefulness, gentleness, and sensitivity

Androgyny

it is the expression of both male and female qualities or attributes. this is exemplified by expressing gender-neutral characteristics-such as, androgynous men could pass off as feminine, while androgynous women could pass off as masculine

Race

it is the idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups based on their shared inherited physical and behavioral differences

Racism

it is defined as the behaviors or attitude that reflect and foster the belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits, where differences make one superior

Racial science

it is the inherent idea that humankind is split into separate and unequal races

Carolus Linnaeus

he is the Father of Modern Taxonomy, who paved way to accurately differentiate species form one another

Carolus Linnaeus

he was the first scientist to sort and “categorize” humans. he pointed out that, as animals, humans can also be quantified into different subspecies: African, American, Asiatic, and European

Petrus Camper

he is a renowned Dutch physician, believed that the ancient Greeks almost achieved human perfection-the ultimate basis on “what is human-looking”

Johan Friedrich Blumenbach

he coined the term “Caucasian” to describe people that lives on the slopes of Mount Caucasus in Europe, essentially giving a racial name to white people

Samuel George Morton

he is the Father of American School of Ethnography, who theorized that intelligence has a correlation to brain size. he concluded that white people have larger skulls than other races, making them superior

Appropriation

it is defined as the conscientious act of taking something for one’s own gain, usually without the expressed permission from the owner

Racial Appropriation

it is the act of subjugating one race for the benefit of the other (slavery)