[PRELIMS] CS200 Principles of Programming Language

Module 1 & 2 - CS200 (Prelims)

Programming Paradigm

A set of basic principles, concepts, and methods for how a computation or algorithm is expressed.

Imperative Programming Paradigm

A paradigm that expresses computation through fully specified and controlled manipulation of named data in a stepwise fashion.

Procedural Programming Paradigm

Another name for the imperative programming paradigm.

Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm

A paradigm where related variables and operations are organized into classes of objects.

Functional Programming Paradigm

A paradigm that expresses computation in terms of mathematical functions.

Applicative Programming Paradigm

Another name for the functional programming paradigm.

Logic Programming Paradigm

A paradigm that expresses computation in terms of logic predicates.

Declarative Programming Paradigm

Another name for the logic programming paradigm.

Logic Program

A set of facts, rules, and questions.

Predicate

A logical expression used in logic programming to express relationships or conditions.

Imperative Language Foundation

The stored program concept-based computer hardware organization and architecture, particularly the von Neumann machine.

Stored Program Concept

The concept in which programs and data are stored in memory.

Von Neumann Machine

A computer architecture that forms the foundation of imperative programming languages.

ALU

Arithmetic Logic Unit; the component where values are manipulated through arithmetic and logical operations.

I/O Devices

Input/Output devices through which program data or results can be received or sent.

Object

A main building block of object-oriented programs that combines related data and operations.

Class

A structure that organizes related variables and operations in object-oriented programming.

Inheritance

An object-oriented feature that allows classes to obtain or extend characteristics from other classes.

Class Hierarchy

The organization of classes in levels based on inheritance relationships.

Polymorphism

An object-oriented feature that allows different objects or classes to be treated through common interfaces or operations.

Method

An operation or procedure associated with an object.

Parameter

A value supplied as input to a function.

Return Value

The output produced by a function.

Lambda Calculus

The mathematical foundation on which many functional programming languages are based.

Fact

A statement or piece of knowledge in a logic program.

Rule

A logical relationship used to derive or define information in a logic program.

Question

A query in a logic program expressing a problem to solve.

Multi-Paradigm Language

A programming language that supports features from more than one programming paradigm.

Programming Language Features

Characteristics of a programming language that influence how programs are written and performed.

Orthogonality

A programming language feature concerning simplicity and the independent combination of language constructs.

Simplicity

The degree to which a programming language is straightforward and easy to understand.

Control Structures

Language mechanisms that determine the flow and organization of program execution.

Data Types

Categories that determine the kind of data a program can store and manipulate.

Data Structures

Ways of organizing and storing data in a program.

Syntax Design

The design of the form and structure of programming language constructs.

Abstraction

A mechanism for hiding unnecessary implementation details while exposing important characteristics.

Expressiveness

The ability of a language to allow programmers to express solutions conveniently and clearly.

Type Equivalence

The rules used to determine when two types are considered equivalent.

Strong Type Checking

Type checking that restricts operations involving incompatible types and generally improves reliability.

Weak Type Checking

Less restrictive type checking that provides greater programming flexibility.

Exception Handling

A mechanism for dealing with unexpected circumstances and semantic errors so that programs do not crash.

Restricted Aliasing

Restricting situations where multiple names or references can access the same data.

Program Performance

The overall quality of program execution, including reliability, readability, writability, reusability, and efficiency.

Reliability

The degree to which a program performs correctly and consistently.

Readability

How easily a program can be understood by humans.

Writability

How easily a programmer can write programs in a language.

Reusability

The ability to reuse program components or code.

Efficiency

How effectively a program uses computational resources.

Machine Language

The native language of a computer consisting of instructions represented as binary numbers.

Native Language

The language directly understood and executed by a computer's hardware.

Binary Instruction

An instruction represented using binary numbers.

Mnemonic

A symbolic representation used to represent frequently used machine instruction bit patterns.

Assembly Language

A language that uses mnemonics to represent machine instructions.

Assembler

A program that translates assembly language into machine language or binary/object code.

Addressing Mode

A method used in assembly language to specify how an operand or memory location is accessed.

Macro

A construct representing a number of instructions.

Object Code

The translated code produced from assembly or compilation for execution or further processing.

High-Level Programming Language

A programming language that provides a more human-readable and higher-level environment than assembly language.

Plankalkül

Konrad Zuse's programming system developed in Germany in 1946 and associated with early high-level programming language development.

Short Code

A high-level programming language developed in 1949 that had to be hand-compiled because it had no compiler.

A0

The first widely known compiler designed by Grace Hopper in 1951.

Autocoder

An early primitive compiler written by Alick E. Glennie in 1952.

FORTRAN

Short for FORmula TRANslating; the first widely used high-level programming language.

BNF

Backus-Naur Form; a formal notation used to define programming language syntax.

Structured Programming

A technique for organizing programs in a hierarchy of modules.

Module

A program component in structured programming with a defined structure and typically a single entry and exit point.

Spaghetti Programming

Programming characterized by poorly structured control flow.

Monolithic Programming

Programming in which the program is organized as a large, less modular unit.

Sequential Control Structure

A control structure where statements execute in sequence.

Conditional Branch

A control structure where execution depends on a condition.

Iteration

Repeated execution of a block or sequence of statements.

Unconditional Branch

A control transfer that does not depend on a condition, such as a goto statement.

Block-Structured Language

A language that organizes code into blocks with defined scope and structure.

Goto Statement

An unconditional branch statement that transfers execution to another location.

Type Extension

Extending a type with additional characteristics or functionality.

Type-Bound Procedure

A procedure associated with a particular type, similar to a method in object-oriented programming.

Typeless Language

A language described in the module as lacking conventional type checking, such as BCPL.

Late Binding

An object-oriented concept introduced by Simula in which certain bindings are determined later rather than entirely at compile time.

Konrad Zuse

Developer of the Plankalkül programming system.

Grace Hopper

Designer of the widely known A0 compiler.

Alick E. Glennie

Writer of the primitive Autocoder compiler.

John Backus

Leader of the development of Fortran and contributor to Algol and BNF.

Edsger Dijkstra

Credited in the module with the design of the first Algol 60 compiler and associated with structured programming.

Niklaus Wirth

Developer of Pascal, Modula, Modula-2, and Oberon.

Dennis Ritchie

Designer and first implementer of C.

Martin Richards

Developer of BCPL.

Ken Thompson

Developer of B.

Ole-Johan Dahl

Co-designer of Simula.

Kristen Nygaard

Co-designer of Simula.

Alan Kay

Leader associated with Smalltalk development at Xerox PARC.

Bjarne Stroustrup

Developer of C++.

James Gosling

One of the developers of Java.

John McCarthy

Developer of Lisp.

G. L. Steele

Co-developer of Scheme.

G. J. Sussman

Co-developer of Scheme.

David Turner

Developer of Miranda and designer of SASL and KRC.

Alain Colmerauer

Co-inventor of Prolog.

Philippe Roussel

Co-inventor of Prolog.

Fortran

The first widely used programming language, developed by John Backus's team at IBM between 1954–1957.

Algol

A programming language family that influenced structured programming and later languages.