NHA CET EXAM PREP

What is the primary pacemaker?

SA Node

What is a more medically correct term for the clotting of an artery?

Occlusion

When the Atria depolarize (or contract), what is shown on the EKG tracing?

P wave

An irregular heartbeat that is common among children is called _____ _____.

Sinus Arrhythmia

1 sm box on an EKG strip denotes 0.04 seconds of time. How long is this represented in millimeters?

1 mm

What is the term used to described the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute?

Cardiac output

Leads I to III are collectively known as

Standard leads

Leads V1 to V6 are collectively known as

Precordial leads

What is the main artery in the arterial system

Aorta

aVr, aVl, and aVf are known as

Augmented leads

Leg electrodes are only used for?

grounding

What is the main vein in the venous system?

Superior vena cava

The mitral valve is also known as

bicuspid valve

When the ventricles depolarizes (contracts), what is shown on the EKG tracing

QRS complex

The Angle of Louis provides the LOCATION for which intercostal space

2nd

When clotting reduces oxygen supply to a region of the heart it is known as _____.

Ischemia

When the Atria repolarize (or are at rest), what is shown on the EKG tracing?

PR segment

(T/F) You should stop a stress test because of a change of heart rhythm

False

What is formed by the manubrium and the body of the sternum that helps in electrode placement

Angle of Louis

V1 is placed in the 4th intercostal space and is located on which side of the sternum

Right side

The distance between P wave to P wave can be used to calculate what kind of rate

Atrial rate

Which lead should be placed just below the nipple, in the 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line (MCL)?

V4

What arrhythmia is associated with the skipping of heartbeats on an EKG tracing?

Sinus Arrest

Which side of the sternum would you place V2 if the patient had dextrocardia?

Right

V3 should be placed halfway between which two leads?

V2 and V4

The presence of an inverted or absent P wave indicates what type of arrhythmia?

Junctional Arrhythmia

1 minute of an EKG strip is equivalent to how many millimeters in length?

1500 mm

A full cycle of Ventricles in action is shown as what on the EKG tracing?

QT interval

What is a more medically correct term for chest pain?

Angina

When the ventricles remain depolarized (contracted), what is shown on an EKG tracing

ST segment

The normal human heart rate is between ___ and ___ bpm.

60 and 100 bpm

An Inverted T Wave is an indicator for what type of arrhythmia?

Ischemia

The distance between R wave to R wave can be used to calculate what kind of rate?

Ventricular Rate

What arrhythmia is associated with having a heart rate of over 100 bpm?

Sinus Tachycardia

When 4 chambers of the heart are at rest, what is shown on the EKG tracing?

Baseline

Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide exchange takes place in the ___?___ of the lungs.

Alveoli

An Elevated ST Segment is an indicator for what type of arrhythmia?

Myocardial Infarction

When the ventricles repolarize (or are at rest), what is shown on the EKG tracing?

T wave

What arrhythmia is associated with having a heart rate under 60 bpm

Sinus Bradycardia

what does the aV (in such leads as aVR, aVL, aVF) stand for?

Augmented voltage

What is the standard number of leads in a EKG tracing

12

What are you feeling for in a pt's wrist to find their heart rate?

Radial Artery

When the heart is in diastolic State, what pacemaker releases an electrical pulse?

SA node

What blood vessels contain a pulse

arteries

A full cycle of Atria in action is shown as what on the EKG tracing

PR interval

In cardiology, what does M.I. stand for?

myocardial infarction

(T/F) Normal Sinus rhythm is between 70/min and 120/mm

False

What chamber of the heart has the thickest Myocardium

Left ventricle

(T/F) A patient that has fallen asleep will interfere with EKG tracing

False

(T/F) A Q wave is always negative

False

What Arrhythmia is associated with sawtooth waves between QRS complexes?

Atrial Flutter

If U waves are shown on EKG tracing, what type of vitamin deficiency is present?

Potassium

Upper chambers of the heart

atria

Affects both the atria and the ventricles by increasing heart rate conduction and irritability

Sympathetic Nervous System

What is a positive holter?

one that has recorded abnormalities

What is a negative holter?

A negative holter will have no significant arrhythmias or ST changes

Abbreviation for Myocardial infarction

M.I.

Infarction refers to what?

To the actual death of the myocardial cells.

Occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of blood flow to a section of the heart

Ischemia

Electrical impulses go down the usual pathway but encounter blocks and delays

conduction blocks

Electrical impulses originate from somewhere else other than the sinus node

Ectopic Rhythms

Where electrical flow follows the usual conduction pathway is too fast, too slow, or irregular...

Arrhythmias of Sinus Origin

Normal Running Speed for an EKG Machine

25 mm/sec

Patients tremors or shaking the wires can produce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing

Somatic tremors

Somatic tremors, Wandering Baseline, 60-cycle interference, broken recording..

Artifacts

From J point to the onset of the T wave

ST segment

Line from the end of the p wave to the onset of the QRS complex

PR segment

It should be no more than 0.1 sec. in the limb leads and 0.11 sec in the precordial leads

Normal QRS interval

Represents ventricular depolarization time

QRS interval

Normal interval for PR interval

0.12 to 0.20

P wave plus PR segment

P-R interval

This is the interval between two R waves

R-R interval

Deflection produced by ventricular repolarization

T wave

Atrial Activation

P wave

Several waveforms

complex

Waveform plus segment

interval

Line between two waveforms

segment

What is the tracing on the EKG paper marked by?

A stylus using heat/thermal paper

What does the vertical axis represent on EKG paper

Amplitude measured in millivolts but expressed in millimeters.

What does 5mm on EKG paper equal?

0.20 seconds

1mm equals what on EKG paper?

0.04 seconds

graph paper with horizontal and vertical lines at 1-mm intervals. Heavy line appears every 5 mm

The EKG paper

How many electrodes are placed during a routine EKG?

(All answers are correct:)

1.) 10 producing 12 leads: I, II, III

2.) aVR, aVL, aVF

3. V1-V6

Ventricular activation

QRS Complex,

S wave,

Q wave, R wave

Represents ventricular depolarization

QRS complex

Target heart rate during an exercise stress test is what?

220- pt's age

Pt's with physical limitation, or those who can't exercise to reach the target heart rate

Pharmacologic Stress Test

The electrical impulse bypass the normal pathway and, instead, go down an accessory shortcut

Pre-excitation Syndromes

Enables evaluation of pt's heart rate, rhythm, and QRST morph during usual daily activities

Ambulatory EKG monitoring

Ambulatory EKG rule out intermittent arrhythmias/ ischemia that could be missed routine EKG

Holter monitor

How many electrodes are placed on a holter monitor test

5 electrodes

Typical Electrode Placement for Holter monitoring:

1.) 2 exploring electrodes are placed over bone near V1 and V5

2.) 1 ground electrode placed over 9th or 10th rib at right midaxillary line

3.) 2 indifferent electrodes placed over the manubrium

Which of the following statements illustrates the need for further patient education

"I can wear jeans and boots for my stress test"

Which of the following is the expected reference range for an infant's resting heart rate

100-160 bpm

Which of the following patients should not receive a stress test

54 -yr male with unrelieved chest pain and ST segment elevation

Which of the following is a sign of cardiovascular compromise

Cyanosis

4 elements of negligence

Duty

Derelict,

Direct Cause,

Damage

Which of the following is the expected reference range for an adult's respiratory rate at rest?

12-20 bpm

The heart sound are produced by the closure of the valves:

S1 and S2

So-called because they are located between the atria and ventricles

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)