Lab Packets 5-8 BIO172L

MU

(LAB 5) Generalized Blood Vessel pathway

• Arteries

• Arterioles

• Capillaries

• Venules

• Veins

In which generalized blood vessel does exchange occur?

Capillaries

In which of the generalized blood vessels is blood pressure highest?

Arteries

In which generalized blood vessels is blood pressure lowest?

Veins

What is the signifigance of the pressure gradient that exists along the circulation route listed above?

Promotes blood flow

Use this for the next few questions

I. (Blood Vessel Type)

Artery

II. (Blood Vessel Type)

Vein

A. (Wall Layer)

Tunica exterina

B. (Wall Layer)

Tunica media

C. (Wall Layer)

Tunica interina

D. (Specific structure)

Venous Valve

Anatomically, how are these blood vessels alike? Different?

They both have the same layers, but only the veins have valves.

The innermost layer of these blood vessels consist of a single layer of epithelium called the ___.

Endothelium

The walls of which type of blood vessel (Not shown on the model) is essentially just this layer of cells?

Capillary

Use this image for the next few questions.

If you cant find the numbers then study the structures on google.

10.

Aorta

7.

Brachiocephalic trunk

4.

Right Common Carotid Artery

3a.

Right Subclavian Artery

C.

Left Common Carotid Artery

S.

Left Subclavian Artery

Right Subclavian Vein

II.

Left Subclavian Vein

Right Internal Jugular Vein

V.

Left Internal Jugular Vein

Right Brachiocephalic Vein

X.

Left Brachiocephalic Vein

21.

Superior Vena Cava

C. and S. supply blood to which side of the body

Left

7. supplies blood to which side of the body

Right

7. branches into two main arteries, ____

• Right Subclavian Artery

• Right Common Carotid Artery

17.

Pulmonary Trunk

Left Pulmonary Artery

Left Pulmonary Veins

Be able to identify:

• Left Axillary Artery

• Left Brachial Artery

• Left Radial Artery

• Left Ulnar Artery

Where must blood flow before flowing into the axillary artery?

Subclavian Artery

Be able to identify: (Not as important)

• Ulnar Vein

• Radial Vein

• Brachial Vein

• Cephalic Vein

• Basilic Vein

• Median Cubital Vein

• Axillary Vein

• Subclavian Vein

Identify the following systemic blood vessels on the model of the left leg:

• Femoral Artery

• Popliteal Artery

• Anterior Tibial Artery

• Posterior Tibial Artery

• Femoral Vein

• Popliteal Vein

• Posterior Tibial Vein

Identify the following veins: (Not as important)

• Great Saphenous Vein

• Anterior Tibial Vein

• Femoral Vein

• Common Iliac Vein

Use this image for the next few questions:

1.

Thoracic Aorta

2.

Abdominal Aorta

3.

Celiac Trunk

4.

Right Renal Artery

5.

Superior Mesenteric Artery

6.

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

7.

Right Common Iliac Artery

8.

Left Common Carotid Artery

9.

Left Internal Carotid Artery

10.

Left External Carotid Artery

11.

Left Common Iliac Vein

Right Renal Vein

13.

Inferior Vena Cava

Identify the following: (Not as important)

• Hepatic Portal Veins

• Hepatic Portal vein

• Splenic Vein

• Superior Mesenteric Vein

• Inferior Mesenteric Vein

• Gastric Veins

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Drain the digestive viscera, spleen, and pancreas and deliver this blood to the liver for processing.

(Lab 6) Explain what as pulse is.

Pressure in arteries that occurs with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.

Explain what blood pressure is.

Pressure the blood exerts against any unot area of the blood vessel walls.

In most clinical situations, what blood vessel of the arm is used to take BP measurements?

Brachial Artery

How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? (MAP)

DP + 1/3 (PP)=

How do you calculate Pulse Pressure? (PP)

SP-DP=

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume=

Identify the following:

• Thymus

• Reb Bone Marrow

• Tonsils

• Spleen

• Peyers Patches

• Appendix

Identify the following:

• Right Internal Jugular Vein

• Right Lymphatic Duct

• Thoracic Duct

• Cisterna Chyli

• Cervical Lymph Nodes

• Axillary Lymph Nodes

• Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Identify the following:

• Internal Jugular Veins

• Right Jugular Trunk

• Right Subclavian Trunk

• Right Lymphatic Duct

• Right Subclavian Vein

• Brachiocephalic Veins

• Superior Vena Cava

• Cisterna Chyli

• Right Lumbar Trunk

• Left Jugular Trunk

• Left Subclavian Trunk

• Left Subclavian Vein

• Thoracic Duct

• Left Lumbar Trunk

Why is the lymphatic system one-way, whereas the blood vascular system is two-way?

Lymphatic system doesn’t have arteries so it only goes one-way.

Identify the following structures:

• Afferent Lymphatic Vessel

• Lymphatic Follicle

• Germinal Center

• Subcapsular Sinus

• Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

• Hilum

• Medullary Cord

• Medullary Sinus

• Trabeculae

• Capsule

Lymphedema is insufficient movement of lymph, why would exercise help counter this condition?

Skeletal muscle contractions move lymph throughout the body/back to the heart.

Identify structures of the intestinal wall: A and B

• A: Lacteal

• B: Peyer’s Patches

What is this structure of a lymphatic vessel?

Valve Leaflets

How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?

They both have valves

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

To carry lymph from the nodes to the veins

What is lymph?

Fluid absorbed by the lymph vessels from the interstical fluid

What factors contribute to lymph movement?

• Valves: Control direction

• Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Move it

What is the cisterna chyli?

A large lymph node in the abdomen

Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic vessel?

Right arm and right chest

Identify Structures: X. Y. Z.

• X: Thoracic Duct

• Y: Thoracic Duct

• Z: Right Lymphatic Duct

Identify Red vs. White pulp in the spleen

White: Purple Bubbles

Red: Everything Else

Which pulp is responsible for immune function?

White Pulp

Identify tonsil structures: A. B.

• A. Pharyngeal Tonsils

• B. Palatine Tonsils

Identify the Tonsillar Crypt

The white streak going from top left to the center

What is a tonsil stone

A culmination of food, bacteria, and dead cells that calcify into a rock in your tonsils

What is the effector cell of humoral immunity?

B Cells, they create antibodies in the lymph nodes

What is the effector cell of cell-mediated immunity?

Cytotoxic T Cells, they purge infected host cells

Define Immunological memory:

The memory B and memory T cells created when exposed to a pathogen in preparation for next time.

Define specificity:

Cytotoxic T cells and B cell antibodies only react with a particular antigen/cell receptor.

Define self-tolorance:

Cytotoxic T cells and B cell antibodies recognize self antigens and don’t attack them.

(Lab 7) Major role of the respiratory system is to:

Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of CO₂

List the 4 distinct process that must occur in respiration

• Pulmonary Ventilation

• External Respiration

• Transport of Respiratory Gases

• Internal Respiration

Upper respiratory structures include:

• External Nose

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• Pharyngotympanic Membrane

• Paranasal Sinuses

The ___ is the largest laryngeal cartilage.

Thyroid Cartilage

All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have ___ reinforcements in their walls.

Cartilaginous

The structural and functional units of the lungs are ___.

Alveoli

How many lobes in the left lung?

2

How many lobes in the right lung?

3

Why is it important that the trachea is reinforced with cartilage?

To keep the airway open and prevent it from sticking shut.

Why is it important that the tracheal cartilage is incomplete posteriorly?

So that the esophagus isn’t compressed.

What is the function of pleural fluid?

To lower resistance and allow the lungs to glide as they expand in the thoracic cavity.

Pathway of air:

• Nasal Cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary Bronchus

• Secondary Bronchus

• Tertiary Bronchus

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

Use image to Identify the following structures: