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What does operations management use?
resources to appropriately create outputs that fulfil defined market requirements
What is operations management?
The activity of managing the resources which are devoted to the production and delivery of products and services
The people who are responsible for managing some or all resources that comprise the operations function
Who are operations managers?
Inputs are used to transform something or themselves into outputs of services and products.
What is the transformation process model?
Resources that are treated transformed or converted in the process to produce goods or services
What are transformed resources?
What are the 4 types of operations and processes?
Volume
Variety
Variation in demand
Visibility
Can you describe what it’s like to have low volume?
The product or service is tailored to customer needs. Low repetition, each staff member performs more of each task, less systemisation and high unit costs.
Describe having a high volume?
High repeatability, specialisation, capital intensive and low unit costs
What are some examples of low volume operations?
Food chains and car manufacturing assembly lines
Explain operations that offer a low variety of products/services.
Offers a limited range of products, focuses on efficiency and standardisation, predictability and has routine tasks
Explain operations that offer a high variety of products/services.
Allows customisation and differentiation. Flexible, matches customer needs and has high unit costs.
Explain operations that have low variation in demand.
Demand is stable and there are low unit costs. It is easier to plan capacity, workforce and inventory.
Explain operations that have high variation in demand.
Changing capacity,anticipation, flexibility, in touch with demand, high unit costs.
What are examples of operations with high variation in demand?
Hotels
Ski resorts
Hospitals
Explain low visibility within an organisation.
Customers have little or no direct contact with the production process. They only see the output
Explain high visibility within an organisation.
Customers are directly involved. Satisfaction is governed by customer perception and there are high unit costs.
Examples of high-visibility operations.
Restaurants- customers expect quick service
Call centers- Customers hang up if waiting for too long
Retail checkouts- long lines reduce customer satisfaction
What are the key features of high visibility operations?
Customers experience the process in real time
Customer satisfaction depends on both service quality and interaction quality
Operations must handle short waiting tolerance
What are the key features of low visibility operations?
Customers don’t see how the work is done so efficiency and consistency matter the most
Easier to standardise processes and focus on cost reduction
Lower pressure from customers during the process itself
What are the key features of low variety operations?
Processes are routine, repetitive and standardised
Easier to forecast demand and plan resources
Operations achieve efficiency and lower costs
Limited ability to customise for individual customers
What are the key features of high variety operations?
Processes must be flexible and adaptable
More complex scheduling, planning and inventory management
Unit costs are higher (less repetition, smaller batch sizes)
Greater opportunities for customisation and differentiation
What are the examples of transformed resources?
Materials
Information
Customers
What are transforming resources?
The resources that convert the transformed resources into outputs
What is the operations function?
The part of an organisation responsible for producing the goods or providing the services a company sells in its markets.
Explain why it is important when a product is designed how choices made shape it?
Choices made at the stage of design shape how it is produced and in turn the design of the production process influences what is feasible in the product or service itself.
Should the design of products/services and the design of processes be interrelated and treated together?
Yes
What are project processes?
One-off, complex, large scale, high work content ‘products’
high variety
Defined start and finish : time, quality and cost objectives
Many different skills have to be coordinated
What is a jobbing process?
products are made in small quantities often as one-off items or in very low volumes
they are tailored to meet specific customer requirements.
What are some examples of jobbing processes?
Custom furniture
producing specialist machinery
tailoring clothing
In jobbing processes the focus is on what?
Customisation and quality rather than speed or low cost.
What is a batch process?
Higher volumes and lower variety than for jobbing
What is an example of a batch process?
A bakery might bake 200 loaves of bread in one batch, then clean and adjust equipment to bake 100 cakes in the next batch.
Explain a mass (line) process?
A type of production method where standardised products are made in very large volumes but with a low variety.
What are some examples of mass production processes?
Car assembly lines
electronics manufacturing
Explain a continuous process.
Extremely high volume and low variety where production is never stopped
High volume allows them to reduce production costs which reduces the cost of the goods
What are the manufacturing process types?
Project
Jobbing
Batch
Mass
Continuous
What is professional service?
High levels of customer contact
Clients spend a considerable time in the service process
High levels of customisation with service processes being highly adaptable.
People-based rather than equipment-based
What are service shops?
Medium levels of volumes of customers, customer contact, customisation and staff discretion
What are mass services?
High levels of volumes of customers and low to medium levels of customer contact, customisation and staff discretion.
e.g. supermarkets and theme parks
What are the five performance objectives ?
Quality
Speed
Dependability
Flexibility
Cost
What are the two important things you must remember for manufacturing businesses?
Volume
Variety
What happens to variety when we have a high volume and vice versa?
High volume- low variety
High variety- low volume
What are the 3 service process types?
Professional service
Service shop
Mass service
What is process mapping?
Understanding the journey of those goods and services
What can be done to improve that (reflecting upon the five performance objectives)
What are the seven types of waste that exist?
Transportation
Inventory
Motion
Waiting
Overproduction
Overprocessing
Defects
What are the 3 ways of categorising waste?
Value add (VA) activities
Non-value add (NVA) activities
Necessary NVA (NNVA) activities
What are value add activities (waste)?
Anything a customer is willing to pay for
Must be done right, the first time
Must change the product or service
What are non value add activities (waste)?
Costs money but does not add value
Something a customer is not willing to pay
What are necessary NVA activities (waste)?
Essential for us to pay
What are the primary examinations of each activity?
Purpose- What is achieved
Place- Where is it done
Sequence- When is it done
Person - Who does it
Means- How is it done
What are the secondary examinations of each activity?
Purpose- What else could/should be done
Place- Where else could/should it be done
Sequence - When else could/should it be done
Person - Who else could/should do it
Means - How else could/should it be done
What are the ways in which operations differ?
The volume of their output
The variety of their output
The variation in demand of their output
The degree of visibility which customers have of the production of the product or service