GEN BIO Midterms

Robert Hooke

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope

Francesco Redi

This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

John Needham

Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth

Lazzaro Spallanzani

showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes

louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells

Basic Component of a Cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Basic Component of Cell Theory

The organism are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cell are made up of pre-existing cells.

Cell

Basic unit of life

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Major Organelles

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed

Golgi Apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

a thin layer that protects the cell from its outside environment

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Microtubles

long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

cell wall

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Flagella and Cilia

movement

Plant Cell

A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.

Dermal Tissue System

The outer protective covering of plants.

Ground Tissue System

Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

Vascular Tissue System

carries long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

Trichomes

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Periderm

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

Parenchyma

Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.

Collenchyma

type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall; helps support larger plants

Sclerenchyma

type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Secretory Structures

responsible for making latex, resins, nectar and other substances produced and stored in channels inside the plant body

Epithelial Tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Muscular Tissue

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

Nervous Tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Three Shapes of Epithelial Tissue

cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Provides smooth surface that reduces friction as blood travels through the vessels.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia

Single layer that varies in heights. Often ciliated. All cells attached to basement membrane but may not reach apical side. Nuclei at different heights. Function: Similar to simple columnar (secretion of mucous and absorption). Location: Non-ciliated found in ducts that carry sperm. Ciliated type found in trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract.

Loose Connective Tissue

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Adipose Tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

Areolar Tissue

Binds skin to underlying organs

Reticular Tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

Bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

Cell Wall

Gives shape in Prokayotes

Blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

white blood cells (leukocytes)

respond to injury or infection

Blood platelets (thrombocytes)

Responsible for clotting blood.

types of leukocytes

neutrophile, eosinophile, basophile, lymphocytes, monocytes, agranulocytes

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

Myosin

A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber

Actin

thin filaments

Trypomyosin

a regulatory protein- part of thin filament; when skeletal muscle is relaxed tropomyosin covers myosin binding site on actin molecules preventing the binding of myosin to actin

Nevous system

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

Astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

Oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

Schwann cells

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

nerve cells

Cells that carry information in the body

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

cell modification

a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

root hairs

tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients

Mitosis

cell division for growth and development.

cytokinesis

The division/seperation of cytoplasm and cell.

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

five phase of cell cycle

Primary Growth, Synthesis, Secondary Growth, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

primary growth

-1st growth after cell division
-Cells mature by making more cytoplasm and organelles.
-Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities.

Synthesis

DNA is replicated

Secondary Growth

-Occurs after DNA occupied
-All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g centrioles)
-Both organelles and proteins are synthesized.

Four Mitotic Stages

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Early Prophase (Mitosis)

Centrosomes have duplicated. Chromatin is condensing into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope is fragmenting.

Late Prophase (Mitosis)

The nuclear envelope breaks up, allowing the spindle to interact with the chromosomes.