Causes and Consequences of war, cultural norms, and revolutions

Flashcards about the causes and consequences of war, cultural norms, and revolutions. They cover topics such as nationalism, imperialism, alliance systems, the Schlieffen Plan, Balkan tensions, major European powers, types of norms, subcultures, countercultures, the Magna Carta, the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, Napoleon, the Agricultural Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.

Economic Interdependence

Wars would be costly and interrupt international trade.

Philanthropy

Trying to contribute to the good of mankind regardless of who they were or where they lived.

International Organizations

Promoted cooperation and peace.

Nationalism

People should have nations to live in with the same nationality.

Imperialism

When the resources and opportunities to create wealth are exhausted, you should establish colonies.

Militarism

Military strength and preparedness was essential to the power of countries.

Glorification of War

Best way to settle disputes was to go to war.

Propaganda

Increased national unity and created a hatred of the enemy.

Alliance System

The creation of alliances on military concerns, economic interests, or political reasons, largely to try and keep Europe at peace.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

France, Britain, and Russia.

Schlieffen Plan

Devised by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in 1905 in order to avoid a two-front war with Russia and France by moving quickly through Belgium and encircling Paris.

The Balkan Situation

Many countries were interested in controlling this location due to its control of trade routes and seas.

Great Britain

London, Queen Victoria, constitutional monarchy, became powerful during the Age of Exploration, largest empire in the world, average army but largest navy, protected and isolated.

France

Paris, republic, was not trusted by the UK or Germany, highly industrialized and based on trading, large empire, second largest military power in Europe, large army and navy

Germany

Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm II, constitutional monarchy, unified in 1871, industrial and agricultural economic base, one of the strongest standing armies, began to increase the navy's strength in the 1900s, wanted to consolidate their power, had enemies on both sides hated France

Russia

St. Petersburg, Czar Nicholas II, very primitive industry with an agricultural economy, low education (98% illiterate), largest yet weakest army in Europe, huge country with cold climate and huge population, everyone feared them (sleeping giant), lack of unity

Austria-Hungary

Vienna, monarchy, very heterogeneous, in decline, economy based on agriculture, large army that was poorly equipped, centrally located with a large population

USA

Washington DC, republic, relatively new country, aggressive and expansionist, had a foreign policy of speak softly but carry a big stick and gunboat diplomacy, had a strong industrial and agricultural base, isolated from war, did not want to form alliances

Japan

Tokyo, monarchy, only non-white and non-Christian power, just beginning to industrialize, had a large and well-equipped army with a strong navy, had a large population base, emerging and threatening power, somewhat unknown

Norms

Clues telling you how to behave in specific circumstances, emerging when a society finds a particular act to be beneficial or harmful. They are internalized.

Folkways

Norms that specify behaviour in everyday situations. They are not worthy of extreme punishment as they do not dictate truly significant behaviours, only causing great embarrassment to the violator and those around them.

Mores

Norms that deal with behaviour that are considered to be extremely harmful or vital to society, defining the rightness or wrongness of acts in absolutes. Punishment is carried out by the whole society.

Taboos

Mores couched in negative terms that revolve around acts considered extremely repellent to the social group.

Laws

Formal codes of behaviour that are binding on a whole society, defining and reinforcing the most important mores. They specify behaviour that deviates and the punishment that is appropriate, which is carried out by the representatives of society.

Subcultures

A group of people who have distinctive features that set them apart from the wider culture yet retain the principal features of the general culture. Membership is considered positive as it provides additional ways to reach societal goals.

Countercultures

Groups that adopt a value system and goals that are in direct opposition to those of the larger culture, they may or may not have distinguishing features.

Magna Carta

Limited the King's power: could not raise taxes without consulting the nobles, right of due process (trials), right to use reasonable force to protect property, and standard use of weights and measures.

Glorious Revolution

Parliament invited James II's daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to take the throne.

Cavaliers

Supported King Charles I.

Roundheads

Supported Parliament and were led by Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan.

Stamp Act of 1765

Imposed a tax on printed materials that was inescapable

Quartering Act

Demanded American colonists billet British soldiers

Declaratory Act of 1766

Any laws passed by Britain automatically take effect in the colonies

Townshend Act of 1768

Import duties were paid which raised price of goods

Boston Massacre of 1770

5 American protestors were killed

Boston Tea Party of 1773

Colonists could only buy tea from Britain, tea was dumped

Quebec Act of 1774

Stated the 13 colonies couldn't expand their territory westward

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, signed on July 4, 1776.

Tennis Court Oath

Members of the Third Estate met at a tennis court and swore an oath promising not to disband until they wrote a constitution.

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Men are born and remain free and equal in their rights; men's natural rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; every man is innocent until proven guilty; democracy; and free speech should be recognized.

Constitution of 1791

France's first constitution, made France a limited monarchy. Louis XVI tried to flee to Austria but was caught and discovered.

Robespierre

Led the Jacobins, the most vocal revolutionaries that wanted to extend franchise to all men

Moderate Revolutionaries

Wanted to preserve a constitutional monarchy

Radical Revolutionaries

Wanted a republic

Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

The slogan of the revolution.

Sans Culottes

Blue collar workers who wore long pants and supported the Jacobins

Committee of Public Safety

Waged a campaign against people it considered to be enemies, headed by Robespierre.

The Directory

A more conservative government established in 1795

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian political philosopher who wrote The Prince - order is more important than freedom, a prince should not mind cruelty, it is safer to be feared than loved, good government is when stability and order are provided.

Estates General

French Parliament

First Estate

The clergy, represents under <1% of population

Second Estate

The nobility, represents <2% of population

Third Estate

Everyone else (peasants, middle class, farmers), largely agricultural workers, makes up 98% of population

Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in 1769 on Corsica, overthrew the government and established himself as the First Consul

Napoleonic Code

Recognized all men were equal before the law, guaranteed freedom of religion, person's right to work in any occupation, protected the wealth and property of people, and required all citizens to pay taxes.

Lycees

Government-run schools with standard curriculums that encouraged extreme patriotism - the first step towards a system of public education

Concordat

1801 agreement between the French government and Catholic Pope. The French government appointed the bishops and paid the clergy, but the Pope still had authority. The Catholic Church would not demand seized lands.

Continental System

A blockade of British ports that ordered all European nations to stop trade with Britain. It backfired and even if it lost Britain trade, the French economy was weakened and opposition to Napoleon grew.

Agricultural Revolution

Allowed for the Industrial Revolution to start as it increased the amount and variety of food produced in the world.

Open Field

A village divided a large number of open fields into many narrow strips. Peasant families owned a number of strips - the quality of land could vary widely.

Enclosure

Peasants consolidated their land into bigger fields that were then enclosed so the land couldn't be used as a common pasture (animal feeding). Peasants could do whatever they wanted with their land.

Putting-Out System

A merchant would provide rural workers with raw material that would then by spun and weaved into cloth. Them, the merchant would collect the cloth and pay the workers by the piece.

Industrial Revolution

Urbanization, more people lived in cities; population growth, lack of wars, diet, sanitation, and medical care increased population; degradation of the environment, crowded factories and sewage/pollution began; poor working conditions, wages were low, children worked, and factories were unsafe; social structure changes, the middle class was expanded; and the role of women changed, they had to work in factories but later could stay home, men were the sole wage earners.

Imperialism

The belief in creating an empire

Nationalism

The belief in nationhood

Imperialism

When one country takes over another for economic or political gain

Nationalism

Pride in one's country and belief in its superiority

Alliance

An agreement between countries to support each other in case of war

Militarism

The build-up of a country's military forces

Propaganda

Information used to promote a particular political cause or point of view

Patriotism

A feeling of intense loyalty to one's nation

Isolationism

The policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of foreign countries

Expansionism

The process of a country or empire expanding its power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution

Republic

A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

Unification

The action of unifying or being unified

Menace

A person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a danger or threat

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress is possible, especially because of disagreement; a deadlock

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group

Prevalence

The state of being widespread or commonly encountered

Martyr

A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

Espionage

The use of spies by a government or organization to gather secret information about enemies or competitors

Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims

Industrialization

The process of industrial development in which countries transform from agrarian societies to manufacturing-based economies

Urbanization

The process of population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Rural

Relating to or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town

Romanticism

An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century

Liberalism

A political philosophy that emphasizes individual rights and liberties, limited government, and free markets

Socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

Communism

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

Totalitarianism

A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state

Society

A collection of people living in an ordered community with shared values

Culture

The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society

Enculturation

The process of learning or acquiring culture

Culture shock

The feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes

Standardization

The action of making or being made uniform

Diversity

The state of being diverse, variety

Community

A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common