Henretta APUSH Chapter 9

Industrial Revolution

Came to the United States between 1790 and 1860, as merchants and manufacturers reorganized work routines, built factories, and exploited a wide range of natural resources. As output increased, goods that once had been luxury items became a part of everyday life.

Division of Labor

During the 1820s and 1830s, merchants in Lynn, Massachusetts, destoryed the business of these artisans by introducing an outwork system and this idea. The merchants hired semiskilled journeymen and set them up in large shops cutting leather into soles and uppers. They sent out the upper sections to rural Massachusetts towns where women binders wewed in fabric linings. The manufacturers then has other journeymen attach the uppers to the soles and return the shoes to the central for inspection.

Mineral-Based Economy

By the 1830s this new economy of coal and metal began to emerge. Manufacturers increasingly ran their machinery with coal-burning stationary steam engines rather than water power. And now they fabricated metal products-iron, brass, copper and tinplate(tin-coated roller iron)-as well as pork, leather, wool, cotton and other agricultural goods.

Mechanics

To protect the British textile industry from American competition, the British government prohibited the export of textile machinery and emigration of these people (skilled craftsman who invented and improved tools for industry). Lured by the prospect of higher wages, though, thousands of British mechanics disguised themselves as laborers and sailed to the United States.

Waltham-Lowell System

To reasuure parents about their daughters moral welfare, the mill owners enforced strict curfews, prohibited alcoholic beverages and required regular church attendance. At Lowell(1822), Chicopee(1823) and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the company built new factories that used this labor system.

Machine Tools

American craftsmen pioneered this development of machines that made parts for other machines. A key innovator was Eli Whitney (1765-1825), the son of a middling New England farm family.

Artisan Republicanism

As the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum, it changed the nature of workers' lives. Following the American Revolution, many craft workers espoused this ideology of production based on liberty and equality. They saw themselves as small-scale producers, equal to one another and free to work for themselves.

Unions

Some wage earners worked in carpentry, stonecutting, masonry and cabinetmaking-traditional crafts that required specialized skills. Their strong sense of identity or trade consciousness, enabled these worlds to bargain with their master-artisan employers. They resented low wages and long hours which restricted their family life and educational opportunities.

Labor Theory of Value

Under this theory, the price of goods should reflect the labor required to make them, and the income from their sale should go directly to the producers, not to the factory owners, middlemen, or storekeepers.

Market Revolution

Around 1820, they began constructing a massive system of canals and roads linking states in trans-Appalachian west. This transportation system set in motion this crucial event and a massive migration of people to the Greater Mississippi River Basin. This huge area, drained by six river systems contained the largest and most productive contiguous acreage of arable land in the world.

Erie Canal

To carry people, crops and manufactures to and from the Great Mississippi River Basin, public mont and private business developed a water-borne transportation system of unprecedented size, complexity and cost. The key event was the New York Legislature's 1817 financing of this 364-mile long waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Previously the longest canal in the US was just 28 miles long-reflecting the huge capitol cost of canals and lack of American engineers expertise.

Middle Class

Standing between the wealthy owners and propertyless wage earners was this growing group, a product of increased commerce. It was made of of farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, the traders who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling and exchanging merchandize.

Self-Made Man

This became a central theme of American popular culture and inspired many men to seek success. Just as the yeoman ethic had served as a unifying ideal in pre-1800 agrarian America, so the gospel of personally achievement linked the middle and business class of the new industrializing society.

Benevolent Empire

To improve the world around them, many upwardly mobile men and women embraced religious benevolence. Led by Congregational and Presbyterian ministers, they created organizations of conservative social reform, which became prominent in the 1820s. The reformers goal was to restore the 'moral government of God' by reducing the consumption go alcohol and other vices that resulted in poverty, explained Presbyterian minister Lyman Beecher.

Sabbatarian Values

Provoked opposition from workers and freethinkers. Men who aboded twelve to fourteen hours a day, six days a week, wanted the freedom to spend they one day of leisure as they wished. To keep goods moving, shipping company managers demanded that the Erie Canal provide lock keepers on Sundays.

Moral Free Agent

Finney's central message was that God had made man someone who could choose salvation The doctrine of free will was particularly attractive to members of the new middle class who had accepted personal responsibility for their lives, improving their material condition, and welcomed Finney's assurance that heaven was also within their grasp.

American Temperance Society

Set out to curb the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 1832. The society quickly grew to two thousand chapters and more than 200,000 members. It's nationwide campaign employed revivalist methods-group confession and prayer, using women as spiritual guides, and sudden emotional conversation-and was a stunning success.

Nativist Movements

Confronted by Catholic and German-speaking immigrants, some American-born citizens formed these movements that condemned immigration and asserted the superiority of Protestant religious and cultural values.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Sellers Family

American inventors whose Franklin Institute in Philly trained a new generation of businessmen and inventors

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Cyrus McCormick

American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.

Lyman Beecher

American clergyman, he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers. He served as president of the Lane Theological Seminary and supported female higher education.

Charles Grandison Finney and Lydia Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.