behavioral sciences - identity and personality

page 57 of the MCAT review sheets document

self-concept

the sum of ways we describe ourselves

identities

individual components of our self-concept related to the group to which we belong

self-esteem

the closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self, the higher our self-esteem

self-efficacy

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill or situation

learned helplessness

a state of hopelessness that results from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli

locus of control

how success and failure are controlled (internal or external)

Freud’s psychosexual stages of identity formation

oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latent (6-puberty), genital (puberty-adulthood)

Erikson’s stages of identity formation

trust vs. mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs. shame (1-3), initiative vs. guilt (3-6), industry vs. inferiority (6-12), identity vs. role confusion (12-20), intimacy vs. isolation (20-40), generativity vs. stagnation (40-65), integrity vs. despair (65-death)

Kohlberg’s stages of identity formation

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Vygotsky’s theory of identity formation

zone of proximal development

imitation and role taking

common ways children learn from others

reference group

the group to which we compare ourselves

psychoanalytic perspective

personality results from unconscious urges and desires (Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney)

Freud’s theory of personality

id, ego, superego

Jung’s theory of personality

collective unconscious links all humans together, personality is influenced by archetypes

Adler and Horney’s theory of personality

unconscious is motivated by social urges

humanistic perspective

emphasizes the internal feelings of a healthy individual as they strive for happiness and self-realization

Type and Trait Theory

personality can be described by identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

Type Theories

somatotypes, type A/B, MBTI

Trait Theories

PEN, Big Five (OCEAN), 3 Basic Traits

social cognitive perspecitve

individuals react with their environment called reciprocal determinism

behaviorist perspective

our personality develops as a result of operant conditioning

biological perspective

behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression