bio 171t exam 3 material (respiratory and digestive)

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pyloric part

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

triglycerides

The primary effect of secretin is to __________.

increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?

VIP

Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.

lacteal

Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?

GIP

The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?

B12

Salivary amylase secreted by

salivary glands

Sympathetic stimulation ___ salivation

decreases salivation

What is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine?

water reabsorption

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?

cecum (large intestine)

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

lacteal function

absorbs materials that cannot enter the blood capillaries

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by

gastric lumen.

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile secreted by the liver

Gastric lipase function

Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

stomach absorbs

Some water, ions, short chain fatty acids, certain drugs (aspirin) and alcohol

heaviest gland in body

liver

tissue that lines nasal cavity, superior portion of pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The lungs contains a total of five

lobes (3 on the right, 2 on the left)

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the

epiglottis

which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

carbonic anhydrase

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ________ oxygen molecules

4

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

lamina propria

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases

Dalton’s

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

vestibular and vocal

glottis is where

air passes through larynx

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

diffusion

Which of the following muscles is involved in normal quiet inspiration?

external intercoastal muscles

As hemoglobin saturation decreases

more oxygen released from hemoglobin

What part of the larynx helps prevents food or liquid from getting into the larynx and lower respiratory system?

epiglottis

Which parts of the larynx are involved in the production of sound?

vocal folds

What is the name of the large, shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

What is the benefit of the rich vascularization of the upper respiratory system?

Warming and helping humidify the inspired air

What structures comprise the respiratory defense system?

mucus and cilia

Which of the following is not a function of the upper respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

producing sound

What is the most superior portion of the lower respiratory system?

larynx

How do the nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity?

help clean the air

Breathing, which involves the physical movements of air into and out of the lungs, is called __________.

pulmonary ventilation

What happens in the respiratory system if pneumocytes type II are not functioning properly or are destroyed?

The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation.

The majority of cells in the alveoli are simple squamous epithelial cells called ____________________.

pneumocytes type I

According to Boyle’s law, if the volume of a sealed container of gases __________, then the pressure in that container __________.

decreases; increases

The cartilages that reinforce the trachea are C-shaped for all of the following reasons except to _________________.

allow a charge in diameter to increase pitch of sound produced by larynx

When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the lungs __________.

increase

The bronchioles have walls dominated by __________.

smooth muscle

Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the __________.

atmosphere pressure

During quiet breathing, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. What effect does this have on the thoracic cavity?

It increases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thoracic cavity.

The tracheal cartilages are

c-shaped

How is oxygen most often carried in the blood?

bound to heme in hemoglobin

Each gas in the atmosphere contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance. This statement is known as _______________ law.

Dalton’s

If the pressure of a gas in contact with a solution increases, _________.  

the pressure of the gas increases

Which gas law states that the amount of a gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?

Henry’s law

What percentage of total oxygen (O₂) that is transported in the blood is carried within red blood cells?

98.5%

What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation?

Breathing slowly and deeply

When CO₂ diffuses into the blood, it is quickly combined with water to form carbonic acid. Which of the following is not true regarding this important reaction?

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found in the plasma.

Which change in the blood chemistry causes an increase in respiration?

Decreased pH

The narrow opening in the larynx for inhaled air is called the

epiglottis

Boyle’s law states that

if you reduce the volume of a flexible container by half, the

pressure within it will double

Blood arriving in the pulmonary arteries has a

lower PO₂ and a higher PCO₂

Sympathetic nervous system
causes

bronchodilation

Parasympathetic nervous system
causes

bronchoconstriction

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?

laryngopharynx

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

dissolved in plasma

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

lower respiratory tract

Inhalation: volume ___

increases

Exhalation: volume ____

decreases

Gastrin increases

stomach mobility and production of gastric acids and enzymes

secretin increases

secretion of bile from liver and buffers from pancreas

secretin decreases

gastric motility and secretory rates

GIP released by

duodenum when fats and carbohydrates enter the small intestine

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

GIP

Cholecystokinin secreted by

duodenum when chyme arrives

CCK increases

enzyme production and secretion from pancreas

release of bile from gallbladder

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) released by

duodenum

VIP stimulates

secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries

VIP inhibits

gastric acid production

All of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine except

rugae

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

ileum

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the

duodenum

Circular folds and intestinal villi do what to surface area of the small intestine mucosa

increase the surface area

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term pancreatic juice

alkaline mixture of enzymes, water and ions produced by acinar cells

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets

emulsifying

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enzymes

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in bicarbonate ions

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except

absorption of water in the large intestines

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

A proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is

trypsinogen

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach

Protein digestion begins in the stomach

Which is not a reason the stomach is acidic

Emulsification of lipids.

The upper respiratory tract function

filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines

conducting airways

The lower respiratory tract includes

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Nasal conchae create

air turbulence, trapping particles in mucus

pharynx serves as

common passageway for both air and food

When the diaphragm and external intercostals contract

thoracic volume increases, allowing inspiration

carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system function

resists pH changes

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose