Biology Unit 4: Ecology

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34 Terms

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Ecology

the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment 

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Population

a group of organisms of the same species livin in the same area at the same time

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Ecosystem

a community and its abiotic (no living) environment

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Community

group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area

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Habitat

the environment in which  species normally lives (location of living organism)

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Species

a group of organisms that can interbreed or produce fertile offspring

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Why do species only interbreed and not cross species boundaries

  • Mating and courtship rituals: birds of paradise species have distinctive rituals 

  • Species species cues: release of pheromones that signal that an individual is ready to mate 

  • Structural adaptations: plant species have specifically shaped flowers that ensure they are pollinated by specific pollinators 

  • Mechanical isolation: different species will have structurally different genetalias that prevalent successful mating between species 

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autotrophs

synthesise their own organic molecules

  • Covert carbon dioxide into organic compounds (photosynthetic autotrophs) 

  • Plant synthesis sugars → converted into organic compounds such as complex carbs (starch, cellulose), lipids, amino acids

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heterotrophs

  • obtain organic molecules from other organisms known as consumers 

  • Range of food sources and feeding machanimss, the cobo can be used to classify consumers 

    • Herbivores: feed on producers 

    • Omnivores: combo of producers and consumers  

    • Carnivores: feed on other consumers only 

Scavengers: specialised carnivores and feed off of dead and decaying animals

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mixotrophs

plants and algae that use different modes of nutrition (mix of euro and heterotrophic)

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detritivores

type of heterotroph that obtain nutrients by consuming non living organic sources like detritus and humus

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saprotroph

live on or in non living organic matter and secrete digestive enzymes on to the organic matter and absorb the products of digestion

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mesocosm

biological systems that contain the abiotic and biotic features of an ecosystem but are restricted in size and or under controlled conditions

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null hypothesis

no correlation between distribution of two species (distribution is random)

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alternative hypothesis

significant different between the distribution of species (species are associated)

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predator prey relationship

  • Positive association

    • Prey pop increases, predator pop increases (more food available, increasing natality and decreasing mortality rates)

  • Prey population will spike before the predator population 

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symbiosis

close and persistent interaction between two species in close proximity, in which at least one species benefits

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obligate symbiotic

  • essential for survival of at least on species

    • Lichen consists of algae (photosynthesis) of/and fungi (which protects, absorbs water and nutrients) 

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facultative symbiotic

  • advantageous to survival 

    • Oxpeckers and large animals 

    • Oxpeckers have food source and provide a service to the large animals removing ticks 

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mutualism

  • both species benefit from interaction 

    • Sea anemone (protection) and clown fish (provides faecal matter for food) 

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commensalism

  • one species benefits but the other is unaffected 

    • Barnacles and whales 

    • Barnacles attach to whales and benefit from constant flow of water rich in phytoplankton  

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parasitism

  • one species benefits and the other is harmed 

    • Tapeworms and humans 

    • Tapeworms attach to lining of digestive tract and absorb nutrients which can harm the host 

    • Weight loss, digestive issues

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methanogen

archean microorganism that produce methane as a byproduct in anaerobic conditions

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carbon sinks

anything that accumulates and stores carbon for an extended period of time 

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carbon fluxes

transfer of carbon between sinks or reservoirs (rate of carbon flux depends on processes involved)

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examples of carbon fluxes

  • Photosynthesis 

  • Respiration 

  • Decomposition: releases carbon product into air or sediment 

  • Gaseous dissolution: exchange of carbon gases between the ocean and atmosphere 

  • Lithification: compression of carbon containing sediments into fossils and rocks within earth's crust 

  • Combustion: releases carbon gases when organic hydrocarbons (coal, oil, gas9 or vegetation are burned as fuel source

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negative flux

transfer results in reduction in amount of carbon in that particular sink

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positive

transfer resulting in increase in amount of carbon in that particular sink

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carboniferous period

most of the coal was formed during this period as there was a cyclical change where the sea level suddenly fell and then rose

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main greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide, water vapour

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methane

  • 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide 

    • Found in swamps, waterlogged environment, and landfills 

    • Released through fossil fuel extractions and the melting of ice in polar regions 

    • It is removed by oxidation in the atmosphere  

      • Does not stay as long in the atmosphere as the breakdown process is simpler, meaning even though it is more potent than carbon dioxide, it doesn't do much harm

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nitrous oxide

  • 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide 

  • Found in agriculture due to use of fertilisers, bacteria during nitrification and denitrification, as well as combustion of fossil fuels

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carbon dioxide

  • produced during cellular respiration and burning of fossil field and biomass

    • Removed by photosynthesis and can be dissolved in oceans 

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water vapour

formed due to evaporation from oceans and transpiration in plants