AP Euro: Political Centralization

Divine Right

doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin

Henry IV (HRE)

-(1056-1106) Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany

Louis XIII

-(1601-1643) French monarch of the House of Bourbon

-Successor of Henry IV and III

Absolutism

What concept of government was created by Louis XIV?

Protestantism

-non-Catholic Western Christian group

-name originally given to Lutherans

Edict of Nantes

-granted the Calvinist and Protestants in France

-under Henri IV of France

Marie de' Medici

-Queen of France w/ Henry IV

-banished after Henry IV's death

-Mother of Louis XIII

-exiled by Louis XIII

Cardinal Richelieu

-Catholic cardinal and French minister

-recruits missioners of 32 districts

-centralizes France

-didn't want to wipe out Protestantism

-reforms navy/army

-crush rebellion, support absolutism

-liked him or hated him

-supervised foreign policy to make France superpower

-under Louis XIII

siege of La Rochelle

result of a war between the French royal forces of Louis XIII and Huguenots

Habsburg

a German princely family, prominent since the 13th century, that has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Spain, etc.

Thirty Years' War

-(1618-1648) war caused by national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants

-France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

-Italian cardinal, politician

-Chief Minister to Louis XIV

-Richelieu successor

-helped develop Westphalian principles

Queen Mother Anne of Austria

-wife of Louis XIV

-Spanish/Portuguese

Fronde

series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxes

Louis XIV

-Sun King

-absolute monarch

-Successor of Louis XIII

-longest European reign

-selected councilors from upper-mid class

-didn't call Estates General meeting

-unify France w/Catholicism

-revokes Edict of Nantes

-builds Palace of Versailles

Estates General

legislative assembly of the French classes

Versailles

-built by Louis XIV

-known for palace

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

-French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France under Louis XIV

-recovers French economy

Mercantilism

system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold/silver

Charles VII

-French king (r.1422 to 1461) that revives monarchy

-Reconciled Burgundians/Armagnacs

-Reorganized royal council

-Strengthened royal finances: Gabelle and Taille

-Successor of Charles VI

-expels England from France

-nationalism

Gabelle

tax on salt

Taille

land tax

Louis XI

-Spider King of France

-Machievellian

-improves army

-subdues nobility like Star Chamber

-army controlled nobles' militia

-spy networks

-conquered Burgundy vs Charles the Bold

Louis XII

-King of France and Naples

-Marries Anne of Brittany to get Brittany duchy

-Marries Mary of England; Henry VII daughter

-Catholic

Concordat of Bologna

(1516) Agreement of Francis I and Pope Leo X

-Pope gets first year's income for church officials

-King chooses church officials and policies

Francis I

(1494-1547)

-made Concordat of Bologna

-initiates French Renaissance w/ patronage

-France-Ottoman Alliance

-persecutes Protestants

-successor of Louis XII

-spreads humanism

-French Exploration (Canada)

War of Roses

(1455-1485) series of wars for control of the throne of England between Lancasters and Yorks

-2 families fight a civil war to gain crown

-Lancasters win w/ Tudor Dynasty

Lancasters

-Red rose

-begins reign w/ Henry IV

Yorks

-White rose

-Richard III, Edward IV, etc

Edward IV

(1461-1483)

-York

-Machiavellian

-defeats Lancasters

-builds monarchy

-son of Richard of York

-does not marry French Princess

Richard III

(1483-1485)

-York

-Machiavellian

-claims throne from Edward V

-establish royal prestige, law/order

-crushes nobility

-did not use Parliament

-few advisers

-chose small landowners trained in law

-last warrior king

-scoliosis

-defeated in Battle of Bosworth by Henry VII

Henry VII

(1485-1509)

-York/Welsh House of Tudor

-OG Henry Tudor

-raised army in France and defeats Richard III

-marries daughter of Edward IV; Elizabeth

-combines roses; Tudor Rose

-nobles/armies w/ Tudor Rose

-Machiavellian

-establish royal prestige, law/order

-crushes nobility

-did not use Parliament

-increases Wool Trade and National income

Court of Star Chamber

-(1487-1641)

-English court of law

-protects ordinary people from oppressors' abuse and power

-nobility tried by monarchs

-no trial by jury

Castile & Aragon

What two areas of Spain were the most powerful?

Granada

(February 1482 - January 2, 1492)

-Part of Reconquista

-Take lands away from Muslims (Moors)

Isabella of Castile

-(r.1474 -1504)

-Mother of Catherine of Aragon

-responsible for Reconquista

-reorganizes govt

-lowers crime

-bettered debt

-Unify Castile and Aragon by marriage

-sponsors Christopher Columbus

-Catholic

-Castilian official language

-free Indians w/ Catholicism

-Spanish Renaissance

-Latin language of Church

Ferdinand of Aragon

-ruler of Spain

-husband of Isabella of Castile

-responsible for Spanish Inquisition, Granada, Reconquista etc

-Castilian official langauge

-Catholic

-Unify Castile and Aragon by marriage

-sponsors Christopher Columbus

-free Indians w/ Catholicism

-Spanish Renaissance

Conversos

New Christians; Jews before

Spanish Inquisition

-(1478-1834) period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation in Spain for Catholics under Ferdinand and Isabella

-combat heresy

-weakens church because of monarchy

-public executions

-oppressed Muslims and Jews

-Machiavellian

Charles V

-Grandson of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

-gets Habsburg estates

-Spanish wealth: Mayans, etc

-Holy Roman Empire

Philip II

-husband of Blood Mary

-rules England briefly after Mary's death

-attempts to restore Catholic Church to England

Holy Roman Empire

-not unified

-division of territories: languages, culture, religion

-Central/East Europe

Spanish Habsburgs

Habsburg house divides under Charles V of HRE

Phase I of 30 Years' War

Bohemian: (1618-1625) Catholic Union defeats Protestants in the Battle of White Mountain

Phase II of 30 Years' War

Danish (1625-1629) Christian IV of Denmark witnesses Catholic victories

Phase III of 30 Years' War

Swedish (1630-1635) Gustavus Adolphus and army arrives in Germany to support Protestantism

Phase IV of 30 Years' War

-French (1635-1648) Richelieu feared Habsburgs would rebound after Adolphus' death

-declares war on Spain

Edict of Restitution

-(1598) All Catholic properties lost to Protestantism were restored

-only Catholics and Lutherans practice faiths

-under Ferdinand II

Calvinism

-Protestant theological system of John Calvin

-faith and grace of God

-no free will; fate of God

Constitutionalist government

government which features laws that protect citizens under monarchy or ruler

sovereignty

the supreme authority in a political community

Tudors

-began with Henry VII

-ended with Elizabeth I

-combined rose emblem of Yorks and Lancasters

-Henry VII, Henry VIII, (Bloody) Mary, Elizabeth I, Edward VI

New forms of warfare

-dominance of firearms/artillery

-tactics change

-reduced knights

-increase maintenance of military power

-professionalism in military

-nationalism

-increase taxes and bureaucracies

Jean Bodin

-(1530-1596) French political philosopher; member of Estates (Parli)

-theory of sovereignty

-right to make laws, tax, administer justice, foreign policy

-Catholic, but questioned power

-Monarchy allowed factional strife

Hugo Grotius

-(1583-1645) Dutch journalist

-natural law

-one body of rules could reduce the dealing of governments to a system of reason and order

-one state governed by laws

English Civil War

(1642-1649) New Model Army (Parliament) vs Charles I's cavalry (Cavaliers)

Charles I

-English King

-Son of James I

-marries Roman-Catholic princess Henrietta Maria (bad)

-did not rely on Short Parliament until Scots revolt

-first king to be publicly executed

James I

-Scottish king: James VI

-English successor of Elizabeth I

-Scotland + England = United Kingdom

-writes own Bible

Oliver Cromwell

-Takes over after Charles I

-Lords Protector/Protectorate

-(1653-1658)

-dismisses Parliament

-installs Puritan ideals

-bans X-mas, sports, music, etc

-Navigation Act

-bans Catholics in Ireland

-allows Jews

Absolute monarchy

-ruler has absolute power among their people

-unrestricted political power over the sovereign state

House of Commons

Lower house of Parliament in England

Henry VIII

-removed himself from Catholicism

-made own religion: Anglicanism

-6 wives

-changes English Constitution

-Dissolution of the Monasteries

-ruled from 1509 to 1547

Puritans

member of a 16-17th century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements ei bishops, wedding rings

Elizabeth I

-daughter of Henry VIII

-no heir

-supports Shakespeare, Sir Francis Drake, battles against Spanish Armada

-ends Tudor dynasty

republicanism

form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives

Henry VI

-marries Margaret of Anjou

-Lancaster

-mental breakdown causes Richard York to be Protector of Realm

-king of England and France

-briefly restored as king after Edward IV

Conversos/New Christians

converted Jews or Muslims during Spanish Reconquista

Bloody Mary

-daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

-wife of Philip II of Spain

-killed in order to bring back Catholicism to England

Protectorate

(1653-1658) English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Instrument of Government

(1653) Army issues Constitution giving executive power to Cromwell and council of state

-not fully endorsed

Test Act of 1673

Legislation, passed by English Parliament to secure position of Anglican Church

-excludes Puritans, Catholics, dissenters

Austrian Habsburgs

Habsburg house divides under Ferdinand I of HRE

Henri IV

-(1589-1610) French king

-Edict of Nantes

-Huguenot

-married Margaret of Valois