wildlife exam 1

What are the 7 Pillars in the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation?

1) Wildlife as a public trust resource (no one owns wildlife and it is for the people of the present and future)

2) Elimination of markets for game (hunting is much more regulated)

3) Allocation of wildlife by law (what species can/cannot be hunted)

4) Kill only for legitimate purpose (must salvage as much of animal as possible)

5) Wildlife an international resource (cannot harm protected migratory animals)

6) Science-based wildlife policy (informed decision making in wildlife management)

7) Democracy of hunting (anyone can hunt)

What year was Yellowstone founded?

1872

What year was Yosemite founded?

1864

What year was Sequoia National Park founded?

1890

What are the 3 goals of conservation biology?

1) document full range of biodiversity

2) investigate human impact on species, genetic variation, biological communities, and ecosystems

3) develop approaches to prevent extinction of species, maintain genetic variation, and protect/restore biological communities and their associate ecosystem functions

What is conservation biology?

applied field of science that wants to understand human caused changes to biodiversity + impact on natural systems and investigate responses to mitigate effects

What is a conservationist?

advocates and practices sensible and careful/sustainable use of natural resources

Who is the example conservationist from lec 1?

Grifford Pinchot

What is a preservationist?

advocates for land, natural systems, and organisms to exist without significant human interference

Who is the example preservationist from lec 1 and 2?

John Muir

What is an environmentalist?

usually not scientists, concerned with impact of human interactions on environmental quality; advocate for reduced human impact on the environment

Who is the example environmentalist from lec 1?

Rachel Carson

What is an ecologist?

biological scientist that studies the relationships among organisms and environments; they are often environmentalists either politically and/or ideologically
“biased scientists”

What is a conservation biologist?

a scientist (usually ecologist) that studies human caused impacts to biodiversity/natural systems and investigates responses to mitigate these challenges

What is a sentientist?

rejects speciesism and believe that animals are sentient beings
(where the saving the puppy vs child dilemma comes from)

What is an ecocentrist?

extend moral concerns to the environment

What is a species?

the varieties of organisms

What is the scientific name of a brown bear?

Ursus arctos

What is the scientific name of a polar bear?

Ursus maritimus

What is the scientific name of a black bear?

Ursus americanus

When did conservation awareness begin?

19th century

Why did conservation awareness begin?

immigration, urbanization, and market forces
the population was growing rapidly

What led to overhunting?

newly built railways and markets for timber and wildlife

What is the overhunting example mentioned in lec 2?

overhunting of bison
dominate ungulate (hoofed animal) in North America

once numbered in 10s of millions but nearly went extinct by 1880s

saved 5 private herds + 1 yellowstone herd

modern bison likely descend from ~100 or 171 bison (depends on how calculated)

What is a transcendentalist?

believe in individualism, self reliance, and connection to nature

Who is Ralph Waldo Emerson?

in 1836, popularized idea that nature is a temple in which people can commune with the spiritual world and achieve spiritual enlightenment

Who is Henry David Thoreau?

in 1854, popularized that experiencing nature is necessary to counterweight the weakening tendency of civilization and materialism
ex) prostitution and gambling

When did hunting/fishing clubs first originate?

mid 1700s and expanded throughout the 1800s

What did urbanization lead to?

more leisure and recreation time, leading to the formation of hunting/fishing clubs

Who pushed for laws and regulations for hunting?

recreational hunters to curtail overexploitation from market hunters

What was the main focus in the latter 1800s?

preservation

Who enacted the Yosemite Grant Act?

Pres. Abraham Lincoln

Who made Yellowstone National Park?

Pres. Ulysses Grant

Who made Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park?

Pres. Benjamin Harrison

What was the beginning of the National Park Service?

Yosemite Grant Act in 1864

What was the first national park?

Yellowstone

What act allowed the government to withdraw forest land from settling, logging, etc.?

1891 Forest Reserve Act

Who was the first chief of the Forest Service in 1905?

Grifford Pinchot

Who made 3 national parks, 18 national monuments, 150 forest reserves, and 51 federal bird reserves?

Pres. Theodore Roosevelt

What are the national legislations on natural resource protection?

Lacey Act (1900) and Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

What acts/places preserve things as is?

national parks, forest reserves, wilderness act (1964), wild + scenic rivers act (1968)

What is the Pittman-Robert Act?

tax on firearms to fund conservation

Who is Ray Dasmann?

he killed animals to save them in 1960s-70s

Who is Michael Soule?

came up with conservation biology as a discipline

What are Michael Soule’s (1985) ethical principles of conservation biology?

1) diversity of species and ecosystems should be preserved

2) untimely extinction of populations and species should be prevented

3) ecological complexity should be maintained

4) evolution should continue

5) biodiversity has intrinsic value