Chapter 22 - Organic and Biological Molecules

Multiple carbon-carbon bonds

________ result when hydrogen atoms are removed from alkanes.

Alkynes

________ are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one triple carbon- carbon bond.

Monosaccharides

________ are most commonly five- carbon and six- carbon polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydesMonosaccharides combine to form more complex carbohydrates, such as sucrose, starch, and cellulose.

Ethanol

________ is the alcohol found in beverages such as beer, wine, and whiskey;

Polyethylene

________ is a tough, flexible plastic used for piping, bottles, electrical insulation, packaging films, garbage bags, and many other purposes.

Alcohols

________ are classified according to the number of hydrocarbon fragments bonded to the carbon where the OOH group is attached.

Methanol

________ is used as a starting material for the synthesis of acetic acid and for many types of adhesives, fibers, and plastics.

fermentation of glucose

It is produced by the ________ in corn, barley, grapes, etc.

carbon

They contain ________, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Tertiary structure

________: The overall shape of the protein.

rings of carbon atoms

It contains ________ with delocalized p electrons.

blocks of proteins

Building ________ (monomers) are amino acids, which connect by a condensation reaction to form a peptide linkage.

Fibrous proteins

________ form the structural basis of muscle, hair, and cartilage.

Globular proteins

________ perform many biologic functions, including transport and storage of oxygen, catalysis of biologic reactions, and regulation of biological systems.

Condensation polymerization

________: Monomers connect by splitting out a small molecule, such as water.

Addition polymerization

________: Monomers add together by a free radical mechanism.

carbon atoms

In alkenes containing more than three ________, the location of the double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered ________ involved in the bond.

Benzene

________ is the simplest aromatic molecule.

Molecular weight

________ (not molar mass) is the common terminology in the polymer industry 22.6 Natural Polymers.

additional atoms

They are molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons but that have ________ or groups of atoms.

Polymers

________ form the basis for synthetic fibers, rubbers, and plastics and have played a leading role in the revolution that has been brought about in daily life by chemistry.

alkynes

Since alkenes and ________ are unsaturated, their most important reactions are addition reaction.

Alcohols

________ are characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group.

Methanol

________ is prepared industrially (approximately 4 million tons annually in the United States) by the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide:

carbon atoms

The ________ are described as being sp3 hybridized.