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Young Turks
Definition: A group of Nationalists called for the complete modernization of the Ottoman Empire, wanted the empire to be ethnically Turkic (excluded many minorites who lived there)
Caused by: Ottoman Empire was already the “sick man of Europe“ then had the unsuccessful Tanzimat reforms, then the Young Ottomans who called for political change & westernization (Sultan agreed at first, then took it back).
Results in: Overthrew the Sultan in 1908 & made Ottoman reforms, secularization of schools/laws, electionss, Turkish as official language. Exclusions of minorities (especialially Arabs) caused further fragmentation of the Ottoman empire.
Shows: Major shift of power in the the Ittoman Empire away from Sultans & towards Nationalist leaders
Russian Revolution (1905)
Definition: 1905, Bloody Sunday, where the Tsar krilled unarmed protesters but then implemented a new Constitution, labor unions, & political parties (but didn’t actually do anything differently)
Caused by: Nicholas II continued Alexander’s industrialization in Period 3, but the growing middle class started to demand a voice in the government & working class started to be upset about the industry
Results in: Unsucessful & everything was generally the same
Shows: Major shift of power in the Russia away from Tsars & towards Communist leaders
Russian Revolution (1917)
Definition: 1917, successful revolution led by a Marixist, Vladimir Lenin (also led the Bolshevik party)
Caused by: WWI, where most of the Russians were dying & starving
Results in: The Soviet Union
Shows: Major shift of power in the Russia away from Tsars & towards Communist leaders
Fall of Qing China
Definition: womp womp
Caused by: Taiping Rebellion + Losing in Opium & Sino-Japanese Wars + Boxer Rebellion (put down by Western powers who in turn demanded more control)
Results in: Ended 2000 years of Imperial rule & Mao Zedong formed a communist state
Shows: Major shift of power in the China away from Emperors & towards Communist leaders
Mexican Revolution
Definition: Pancho Villa & Emilizano Zapata lead many civil wars but failed to earn any political control.
Caused by: Porfirio Diaz, attempted to industrialize but caused everyone to hate him
Results in: 1917, Mexican Republic was formed with a new constitution (which contained universal male suffrage, minimum wages, & power away from the Catholic Church)
Shows: Major shift of power in the Mexico away from dictators & towards a constitutional government
Causes of World War I
Militarism: Stronger weapons made faster (industrialization from Period 3). Occured especially in Germany who was just unified & built up a gigantic military (which scared France who couldnt). Also occured in Britain but caused more strain on national resources
Alliances: Formed to benefit national security for both countires & to isolate their rivals. Also built lots of RxR in order to mobilze troops, which was diffricult to control & to stop. Triple Alliance, containing Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary; Triple Enente, mainly Britian, France, & Russia.
Imperialism: Wanted to demontrate that they had the most power causing competition & conflict over exsisting colonial lands (led to Alliances)
Nationalism: Indoctrinated their children & emphasized their love/pride for their own country & hate/fear for the rival ones. (People’s national identity was the most important thing about them)
Assasination of Archduke Fran Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Serbia, should’ve been a small regional dispute
Execution of World War I
Definition: World’s first Total War, which was a war that needed the entire country to participate.
Propaganda: Used very intense Nationalism to keep war efforts high (told people that they were fighing for good & against evil, everything is worth it).
Trench Warfare: Increase in scale & usage because the Maxim Guns (machine guns) were fast & krilled anyone who charged up and infront of German lines. Caused long stalemates & more casualties, which led to the people from the colonies fighting for their colonizers (many did in hopes that it will gain them more independence)
USA joins the Allied Powers: Major turning point the war, wanted to remain neutral, but eventually joined because Germany sunk Lusitania & sentmessages to Mexcio asking it to fight US (it didn’t).
Treaty of Versailles: 1918, France & Britain blamed the entire war on Germany (even though it was everyone’s fault) & told it to pay reparations for the war, which would lead to WW2 (predicted by Wilson)
League of Nations: Last & most important point proposed by Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points (only one accpeted).
German Hyperinflation
Definition: The government started printing more money which lowered the value of German Marks.
Caused by: Germany took out a bunch of loans & wanted to pay them back by winning the war, which didn’t happen, so now they are in crippling dept
Results in: Germany was unable to pay Britain & France, who were then unable to pay the US + Colonial states were econimically dependent on their colonizers & suffered as well. Eventually paid depts back by borrowing loans from the US
Shows: Economic Consequences of World War I
Soviet Economy
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Results in: Soviet war depts aren’t paid either because their revolutionaries aren’t willing to
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